The Cult You’re In Essay -- Literary Analysis, Kelle Lasn

Everyone is in a consumers hypnosis, even if you think you are not. When you go to a store and pick one brand over the different, you are now under their spell. The spell/ hypnosis is how companies get you to buy thither things over other companies and keep you hooked. Either through commercials or offering something that you think will make your life dampen by what they tell you. For example, you go to the store and you inquire to buy water, once you get to the lane and look, there is 10 different types of water you can buy. You go pick one either because the picture is better or you seen the commercial the other day and you want it. During the length of this paper we will talk some two important writers, Kalle Lasn the writer of The Cult Youre in and Benoit Denizet-Lewis writer of The Man Behind Abercrombie & Fitch. They both talk about similar topics that go hand and hand with each other, they talk about the consumers Dream, how companies recruit the consumers, who cult memb ers really are, how people are forced to wear something they dont want, and about slackers.What is The Dream we all have? come back about the main things that you strive for in life. Well everyone else in the world has the same inspiration because companies or cults in bead this dream to pull you in to their cult/ group. They make it seem that you will be happy with having this dream and they can help you get close to it by you buying their jam. Lasn specifies on this dream everyone as he said Dream by definition, are supposed to be unique and imaginative. Yet the bulk of the population is dreaming the same dream. Its a dream of wealth, power, fame, plenty of sex, and exciting recreational opportunities ( lasn, 380). This dream is feed to us by the peopl... ...teens can shop elsewhere In every develop there are the cool and popular kids, and then there are the not so cool kids, he says (Denizet-Luis, 369). So if your different then there target audience you dont belong in the g roup which would consider you a type of slacker. All and all, we are all in a consumer cult if we want to or not. If you go to the store all you see is brands and you need to buy one no matter what. But what you can do is stop over buying things you dont need that you think will make you happy. The companies are manipulative in many ways because they level you this dream of a life by buy their stuff, once you are hooked on it they recruit you, bring you in to the cult, make you do stuff you dont want to, and then if you become a slacker they alienate you away from the other cut members so you cant catch them to become a slacker too.

Censorship Of The Internet And The Tyranny Of Our Government :: essays research papers fc

Censorship of the net and the Tyranny of Our Government     "To curtail free expression strikes twice at rational freedom, forwhoever deprives another of the right to state unpopular views also deprivesothers of the right to listen to those views," said Oliver Wendell Holmes,Jr(Censorship and the U.S. Government 1). I whole agree with Mr. Holmes,and when the question of censoring the Internet arises, I cringe. Governing theInternet dominates many debates, censorship leading the fight. The Internet isthe largest and most accessible form of mass media available today. It allowsanyone with a few candid tools to consume, and produce, information and ideas tohundreds of people at a practically non-existent cost. Numerous factorsindicate censorship of this force is not possible, and not the governmentsplace. It should be left up to the users to break up what is broadcast. Mostimportantly, censorship of the Internet impairs the expression of ideas andinfrin ges against the First Amendment of the Constitution.     First of all, censoring the Internet as a whole is not possible, so why steady try? Cyberspace is the most decentralized form of communication todaymaking policing the Internet a virtually futile task. Unlike television orradio, the Internet consists of thousands of individual computers and networks,with thousands of speakers, information providers and information users, and nocentralized distribution point (ACLU vs. Reno Brief 1). No guards watch to seewho goes where and if that place is appropriate. The Internet has big to be aglobal network. Just because one country deems something inappropriate does notmean that another will comply with the decision and follow the ruling. If plug-in pictures of bestiality was banned in China, for example, someone inSwitzerland could post those pictures and the Chinese would have access to everysingle bit of data. Another example, this being completely factual, occurred inOntario concerning the Karla Homolka/Paul Bernado trial. The courts decidedthat in order not to influence the jurors outside of the courtroom that a gagorder would be put on media coverage of the trial. Conventional media complied,but an Internet site appeared. This was in turn shut down by the police, butstill another appeared (Censorship and the Internet 1). on that point exists today noway of effectively tracking and determining from where a bulletin was posted,especially with the automatic dialing and encryption technology available. Thuseven stressful to censor the Internet as a whole would be only an exercise infutility.     Although pornography and potentially destructive material exist on theInternet, not all potentially offensive material shows violent sex acts with

Improving Student Perception of Grammar Essay -- English Writing Teach

Its time to come clean, face the incidents and admit the truth - students ar scared of grammar. From the days of crayons and nap time straight through high school they al modes hope and pray that a random fire drill, a.k.a. a gift from God, will disrupt the dreaded grammar lessons and exercises. As the semesters continue to pass by students become elated as grammar turns into nothing more than a subtle beep on the radar screen that is the weekly lesson plan. However, nearly every student walks into English class dealing with the fear that he will be called on to explain even the simplest rules of possession or number. So why do most students fear and loathe the perplexities of grammar? Perhaps this trepidation has roughlything to do with the fact that most teachers treat grammar like the redheaded step son of the English curriculum hiding its study somewhere between spelling exercises and vocabulary worksheets. enchantment most teachers avoid discussing grammar, or discuss it in correctly, they still threaten students with low marks if such mistakes rear their ugly little heads in class assignments. The way we, as scholars, view the discussion, acquisition and knowledge of grammar must be modified to suit the realities of the modern schoolroom and world. Grammar should be seen through the lens of the entire piece process to make the students use of grammar seem completely natural and easy.Although every coin has two sides, the research arguing against the formal teaching of grammar in the classroom appears stronger than that which supports the old regimes strict approach to grammar. However, logic dictates that this argument will not be settled merely by choosing sides. Perhaps some middle ground can be found between the militantly form... ...rt with some creative planning. Perhaps a weekly prize contest can be held to see what student can pick out a grammar mistake in a newspaper or magazine. Then this mistake can be turned into a mini lesson without be coming boring or overbearing. Teachers simply need to remember that its ok to throw away the worksheets from 1975 and put prevail over the trusty textbook for a fresh approach to grammar.BibliographyHartwell, Patrick. Grammar, Grammars, and the teaching of Grammar. In Cross Talk in Comp Theory. Edited by Victor Villanueva. National Council of Teachers of English. Urbana 1997.Weaver, Constance. Teaching Grammar in Context. Boyton/Cook Publishers. Portsmouth 1996.Whorf, Benjamin Lee. The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language. In Critical Theory Since 1965. Edited by Hazard Adams. Florida State University Press. capital of Florida 1986.

I/O Analysis of Essay -- Film Analysis

The 1999 comedy film Office piazza depicts the working life of three briny characters at an IT firm. The film has gained a cult following and many of the scenes and lines from the picture show have become ingrained in the popular culture. The movie Office Space is comprised of several character types and situations that are familiar not just to workers in the field of Information Technology, but across the spectrum of the work world, especially the office environment. several(prenominal) scenes will be examined here in detail and analyzed in regard to the I/O principles of motivation and leadership. IntroductionOffice Space is a 1999 film by Mike Judge that lampoons the corporate office environment. The films protagonist, pricking Gibbons, is a software programmer at IT firm Initech. whose mind-numbing primary duty is to comb through untold lines of the companys existing computer code to upgrade their software to be Y2K compliant. Peter is joined in his workday misery by hi s two friends, Michael Bolton and Samir Nagheenanajar. Bolton endures constant irritation of people asking him if hes related to the famous singer. Samir cant get word why people cant pronounce his name correctly, a running joke throughout the film. Most of the film revolves around the interactions among Peter and his condescending, out-of-touch boss, Bill Luhndberg, who spends much of the film wandering the maze of cubicles with his coffee mug in hand, reiterating meaningless policy edicts. Making continual brief appearances throughout the movie is Milton Waddams, a shy, reclusive employee who was laid off some years prior to the events of the film, only nobody told him and an accounting error caused him to continue to receive a paycheck. A main source... ...o productivity and morale. In D. Cartwright, & A. 663Zander (Eds.), Group dynamics research and theory. Elmsford, NY Row, Peterson----Supportive supervisor communication as an intervening influence inthe relationship b etween LMX and employee job satisfaction,turnover intentions, and performance Published in Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business Volume 5Bandura, A. A. (1997). Self Efficacy The Exercise of Control. (1st ed.). new-fangled York W.H. Freeman and Company.Herzberg, F. The Motivation-Hygiene Concept and Problems of Manpower, Personnel Administration (JanuaryFebruary 1964), pp. 37.Vroom V H. Work and motivation. New York Wiley, 1964. 331 p. Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh. PAJAuthor, A. A. of chapter (Year). title of respect of chapter. In A. Editor, & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. 123-452). City of publication Publisher.

The Nirvitarka Concentration as Represented In Narayans Mr Sampath Ess

The novels of R.K. Narayan reflect that Indian sensibility which has been acquired through the ages from the wisdom of Indian philosophical thought that has been continually enriched since the ancient times but which had receded since colonization. Narayan adopts this theoretical base of the Indian philosophical tradition to retrieve and reconstitute a sense of Indianness. Perhaps, this is why he has proved to be the most lasting, highly rated and widely accessible, while his writing is the most consciously rooted in local circumstances, traditions and values as claimed by Dennis Walde(694). Meenakshi Mukherjee had earlier accepted Gandhi as having reached the state of Jeevan Mukta as depicted in Waiting for the Mahatma (Mukherjee 99-100). Even V.P. Rao observed that Krishnan practices some sort of yoga. He goes through the... The last three stages of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi.(Rao 32)Taking this a priory. I attempt to evaluate Srinivas of Mr Sampath on the scale of Patanjalis Nir vitarka concentration as mentioned in his Yogasutra.Before embarking on the venture of interpreting Srinivass experience of undergoing Nirvitarka concentration during an exorcists ritual, it is assertive to have an overview of Patanjalis Yoga philosophy, of course, in a nutshell. Throughout this paper I have referred to P.N.Mukerjis translation of Patanjalis Yoga-sutra as well as of the commentary on Yoga philosophy by Swami Hariharananda Aranya. In his Yoga-sutra Patanjali expounds the theory of controlling the mind in order to know the Self. As he says,ksxfpkofkfujks/k% (Aranya 7)Yoga is the discipline of restraining the fluctuation or modification caused due to the occupation of the mind. The occupation of the mind is to create t... ...his family, at the crucial moments of their life by acquiescing to take care of his father in the absence of Ravi and his mother when she takes Ravi to the tantrics villageWorks CitedAranya,Swami Hariharananda.Yoqa Philosophy of Patanjali Trans. P, N.Mukerji.Calcutta University Press, 1963.Bowling,L.E. What is the Stream of Conscious Technique. Critical Approaches To Fiction. Ed.Shiv K.Kumar and Keith Mckean. New Delhi Atlantic, 2003.331-345.Mukherjee,Meenakshi. The Twice Born Fiction. New Delhi Heinemann, 1974.Narayan,R.K. Mr. Sampath. The World of Malqudi. Ed.S.Krishnan. New Delhi Viking, 2000.Rao,V.P. The Art of R.K.Narayan. The ledger of Commonwealth Literature. 5(1968) 32-35Warder, Dennis. Post-Colonial Literatures in English History, Language, Theory. Oxford Blackwell, 1998.Ind.Rpt.2002.

The Nirvitarka Concentration as Represented In Narayans Mr Sampath Ess

The novels of R.K. Narayan reflect that Indian sensibility which has been acquired through the ages from the wisdom of Indian philosophical thought that has been continually enriched since the ancient times but which had receded since colonization. Narayan adopts this theoretical base of the Indian philosophical tradition to retrieve and reconstitute a sense of Indianness. Perhaps, this is why he has proved to be the most working, highly rated and widely accessible, while his writing is the most consciously rooted in local circumstances, traditions and values as claimed by Dennis Walde(694). Meenakshi Mukherjee had earlier recognized Gandhi as having reached the state of Jeevan Mukta as depicted in Waiting for the Mahatma (Mukherjee 99-100). Even V.P. Rao observed that Krishnan practices some sort of yoga. He goes through the... The last three stages of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi.(Rao 32)Taking this a priory. I attempt to evaluate Srinivas of Mr Sampath on the scale of Patanjalis N irvitarka concentration as mentioned in his Yogasutra.Before embarking on the venture of interpreting Srinivass love of undergoing Nirvitarka concentration during an exorcists ritual, it is imperative to have an overview of Patanjalis Yoga philosophy, of course, in a nutshell. Throughout this paper I have referred to P.N.Mukerjis translation of Patanjalis Yoga-sutra as well as of the commentary on Yoga philosophy by Swami Hariharananda Aranya. In his Yoga-sutra Patanjali expounds the theory of controlling the mind in order to know the Self. As he says,ksxfpkofkfujks/k% (Aranya 7)Yoga is the clear of restraining the fluctuation or modification caused due to the occupation of the mind. The occupation of the mind is to create t... ...his family, at the crucial moments of their life by acquiescing to take care of his fix in the absence of Ravi and his mother when she takes Ravi to the tantrics villageWorks CitedAranya,Swami Hariharananda.Yoqa Philosophy of Patanjali Trans.P, N.Mukerji.Calcutta University Press, 1963.Bowling,L.E. What is the Stream of Conscious Technique. Critical Approaches To Fiction. Ed.Shiv K.Kumar and Keith Mckean. parvenu Delhi Atlantic, 2003.331-345.Mukherjee,Meenakshi. The Twice Born Fiction. New Delhi Heinemann, 1974.Narayan,R.K. Mr. Sampath. The World of Malqudi. Ed.S.Krishnan. New Delhi Viking, 2000.Rao,V.P. The Art of R.K.Narayan. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 5(1968) 32-35Warder, Dennis. Post-Colonial Literatures in English History, Language, Theory. Oxford Blackwell, 1998.Ind.Rpt.2002.

Hiv Infection In Indonesia Health And Social Care Essay

Indonesia has among the fastest bending prevalence of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Asiatic parts. However, the prevalence in Indonesia itself is still low stultificationonizing to the Data and learning Centre from Indonesian Ministry of Health, around 0.2 per centum from the entire creation. However, since Indonesia is the universe 4th most thickly settled state, this direct means that presently there are a sum of about 200.000 people populating with human immunodeficiency virus in Indonesia ( UN back up, 2007 ) .From the informations in Indonesian Ministry of Health ( 2006 ) , we can anyhow see that 82 % of known people populating with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS is work forces and are concentrated within specific groups with specific behavior in the population approximately 50.3 % of HIV infection instances are from nip dose users, 40.3 % from unprotected hetero wind up activityual sex, while 4.2 % from unprotected homosexual sex. There are t o a fault several(prenominal) surveies that show the HIV infections epidemic work forces who stick out sex with work forces communities in developing Asiatic states, including Indonesia ( Pisani et al. , 2004 Toole et al. , 2006 Wong, Zhang, Wu, Kong, & A Ling, 2006 ) .To reply with the HIV infections pandemic, the authorities, with the presidential edict phone number 36/1994, established the National AIDS Commission. This direction were created to forestall and to take incorporate and co-ordinated, inter-sectoral actions against AIDS in Indonesia. This delegation is headed by the Ministry of Wel furtheste and similarly with the coordination of other Ministries, such as Ministry of Health and Ministry of national Affairs ( Presiden Republik Indonesia, 1994 ) .It is aimed to forestall and to take actions against AIDS harmonizing to the current ordinances, in conformity with the innovationetary scheme set by the United Nations, and besides to increase participation consciou sness for AIDS and cracking the intersectoral, integrated and coordinated immobilize and actions against AIDSIn 2003, another presidential edict was set up to better this committee. It stated that the committee actions are organizing steps in actions against AIDS, including bar, instruction, wellness service, surveillance, and control of AIDS, epidemiological observation on vulnerable populations at hazard of infecting HIV, wellness instruction, wellness run and regional and international cooperation in forestalling against AIDS ( Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2006 ) .3. Is it bettering the status?The plan set up by the cardinal authorities, regional authorities, non governmental administration, and the jut received from opposed givers in the signifier of HIV consciousness and bar plans throughout Indonesia have been bettering some of the state of affairs of HIV infection in Indonesia. A see on rubber usage in sex industry in Indonesia in 2004-2005 reported that 61 % of sex work ers in whorehouses said that they had use a rubber in the last clip they sold sex. A prevalence of 57 % was found in sex workers who didnit work in a whorehouse. ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) .For shoot medicate users, the plan is focused on cut downing the usage of non-sterile injecting equipment. In Jakarta and Medan, where plans such as these are making the injecting drug users, the breeding found out that more(prenominal) than 80 % of wound drug users said that they ever used clean acerose leafs ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) . The injury fall method, which has been set up as a theoretical account for Indonesian authorities to undertake the turning HIV infections from shooting drug users group in Indonesia, was established by the Sentani Commitment ( see Appendix ) , as an understanding surrounded by the National AIDS Commission and regional authoritiess ( National AIDS Commission, 2004 ) .While plans to forestall HIV infections in female sex workers and shooting drug users have been demoi ng some grade of success, another vulnerable populations is still hold lower precedence in AIDS bar plan. A study in 2004 mentioned HIV infection degrees of 2.5 % in work forces who have sex with work forces, 3.6 % among male sex workers, and 22 % on waria ( Indonesian confines for transgender ) sex workers in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. Almost of them are practising hazardous sexual behavior. It is stated that 65 % of the male sex workers and 53 % of work forces who have sex with work forces in Indonesia reported holding insecure anal sex with male spouses and besides 54 % of the male sex workers reported that they had sex with adult females in the anterior year ( Pisani et al. , 2004 ) .However, when we look at the tendencies in the undermentioned figure, we can clearly see the increasing figure of new instances of HIV infection found in Indonesia until 2006.( Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2006 )Besides we have another graph demoing the theoretical account to foretell the figure of HIV infections in Jakarta, that from the informations taken from one population the shooting drug users.( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 )From the above graph, we can see that the state of affairs in Indonesia is still far from bettering. In add-on, although the overall HIV infection prevalence in Indonesia is still low, if we look into the parts of Indonesia, we have a figure every bit tall as 2.4 % as the grownup prevalence rate of HIV infection in the Papua state ( Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2006 ) . The Ministry of Health vision of Healthy Indonesia by the twelvemonth 2010, which set a end of 0.9 per centum of maximal prevalence in 2010 ( Menteri Kesehatan RI, 2003 ) in all parts of Indonesia, seems farfetched. In the undermentioned subdivision, we will discourse speculates in the effectuation of the insurance for HIV bar in Indonesia.4. Problem in plan of HIV barAlthough the authorities already put up a committee accountable straight to the president, we can see that the assembly line with HIV infections in Indonesia is still turning. In the undermentioned, I would wish to discourse several points why the policy against HIV in Indonesia is still unable to accomplish its end ( such as in the Healthy Indonesia by 2010 ) . There are 4 school principal jobs that I would discourse, devil related to the mark of the plan, in covering with the sexual transmittal of HIV infection, and besides transmittal in shooting drug users. The others two related to the decentralization procedure in Indonesia and on support.4.1. Extensive sex web and geographical differenceSexual activity industry in Indonesia itself is wide even though their legality is questioned. A study on 1994-1995 found that there were 71,281 sex workers in Indonesia ( Endang, Ivan, Walter, Noni, & A et al. , 2002 ) , even though the existent figure should be racyer. Prostitution is non allowed in Indonesia, and sex worker s who were caught beging in the streets can be sent to a rehabilitation cantonment. Nonetheless, whorehouses are slightly recognized particularly in the large metropoliss they are non illegal, there are no regulations sing this, the illegality of harlotry merely concern on those who sell sex on the street. thusly the topical anesthetic authoritiess have regulated sex works in these whorehouses, allowing wellness installations and put certain restrictions. However, this ill-defined position for whorehouses can present a job for keeping sustainable wellness plan in forestalling HIV infections.The huge parts in Indonesia besides made an obstruction in the plan to forestall HIV infections. In most Indonesian states, such as in Java, Bali, Sumatra, and others, the common transmittal of HIV infections is through shooting drug users. However, in Papua state, we have a different transmittal form.Papua is equaling Jakarta in footings of HIV infections prevalence a prevalence of 2.4 % for o verall grownup HIV prevalence, and this could make to every bit high as 3.2 % in distant Highlandss of the Papua state ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) . In this part, unprotected sex is the chief manner of transmittal. Based on informations from the UNAIDS/WHO, thereis a high proportion of work forces engaged in bad sex, with 25 % reported that they had sex with non regular spouse ( over half of it were gainful sex ) and 20 % had more than one sexual spouse. From this study we can besides see that the usage of rubber is uncommon. It is reported that merely 14 % who said that they use rubbers for paid sex, and even merely 3 % said that they had usage rubber every clip in old month. some other job with the Papua state is sexual force. It was mentioned that 12 % of adult females has experience sexual force, even from their domestic spouse. Therefore, to forestall increasing HIV infection in Papua, the chief concern is to supply better sex instruction and besides to advance and to administer rub ber throughout Papua part. ( UNAIDS, 2007 )4.2. Harm decrease policy for shooting drug userEven though the term of injury decrease itself is still controversial, whether it is a wide term of steps embracing schemes of restricting supply and minimising injury, merely like in Australia, or merely purely merely a portion of the scheme to undertake drug maltreatment specifically to understate the injury of utilizing drug ( Ball, 2007 ) .Harmonizing to Beyrer, Kumarasamy and Pizer ( 2005 ) , the jobs with the execution of harm decrease policy in Asia, including Indonesia, can be categorised into three classs. The first 1 is this policy is considered as a manner to state that it is wholly right-hand(a) to hold people who abuse drugs and that this behavior is merely an look from several people that tend to take hazards. The focal point of the injury decrease ( at least in the narrow definition ) so is to understate the injury from utilizing drugs irrespective whether the position of utili zing drug is right or incorrect or wherever the drug comes from, since it is the wellness sector itself would bear the brunt if HIV infections ( and besides Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections ) spreads from shooting drug users. Whether drug dependence itself pose a real wellness job to the community, where increasing drug user would besides means increasing figure of neurologic disablement and psychosocial job, would be tackled by the restriction of supply of drugs, non by the injury decrease agreement. I think that if Asiatic states, particularly Indonesia, want to to the full implement harm decrease policy, both understating the supply and pouf offing the injury of drug maltreatment should set into pattern. Therefore, the injury from bad pattern of shooting drug users ( for illustration needle sharing ) can be minimised while effects of drugs to single and conjunction itself can besides be minimised through controlling/ cut downing supply of drugs in the black market.Howe ver, it is interest to see in Iran, another Asiatic states with high Muslim population, merely like Indonesia, that the caput of Persian Judiciary declare, sing on this quandary amid public wellness and drug control, after sing the Islamic rule of idoing no injury to oneself or othersi and ithe worst injury is eliminated by a lesser harmi , that the public wellness is more of import in commanding the spread of HIV infections ( as the worst injury ) instead than command on drug maltreatment ( which considered as a lesser injury ) ( Ball, 2007 ) .The 2nd obstruction of harm decrease policy, as in many Asiatic states, is the legal remains ( Beyrer et al. , 2005 ) . The current legal system in Indonesia still considers that the maltreatment of drugs is illegal and can be punished. The job arise with this is that the harm decrease policy is ordinarily set up several topographical points for shooting drug user to entree clean acerate leafs and besides topographic points to dispose the m decently. Injecting drug users besides need topographic point for them to acquire some intervention, instruction, and referral. If puting up these topographic points can present a menace in the security of the community and besides put on the lining the injecting drug users being caught by the constabulary, there should be some via media between the rights of shooting drug users and besides the rights of community for security. Therefore if we want to put up a safe oasis for shooting drug users so that they can safely derive entree of clean acerate leafs, intervention, instruction and referral, the supplier of such topographic point must be able to supply legal protection for their client from being arrested in that topographic points. Obviously we should merely set safe sphere for shooting drug users everyplace, but we must understand foremost where shooting drug users needed largely.Another facet of the legal system is related to the position of possessing injection equipment eg syringe. Although in Indonesia it is non illegal to transport needle syringe, nevertheless, it is regulated under prescription merely. In several states, there are Torahs that prohibit people to possess injecting equipment, but finally experience from developed states shows that if this ordinance is abolished, it truly removes the pattern of needle sharing between shooting drug users while does non truly hold much consequence on the prevalence of new user ( Deany, 2000 ) .In add-on to that, if the legal system can work to suit the injury decrease system, the constabulary can besides move an of import portion in HIV bar among shooting drug users. Police so should mention drug users for intervention instead than imprison them.Finally, the last obstruction is on fiscal support and coverage of harm decrease plan. Other than supplying a safe topographic point for shooting drug users, a plan on harm decrease of drug maltreatment must supply a continued supply of clean acerate leafs. They besides need human resources to run the plan such as checkups and paramedics, counselors, and others. Possibly it is difficult to set some money from the budget merely to isatisfyi the demand ( or rights? ) of shooting drug users, nevertheless, this is needed to forestall farther job in public wellness. And this job in support will be discussed in the following subdivision.From this we can see that the job is much clear whether the society accepts such behaviors and trades with the injury caused by it and whether the authorities is willing to carry on such plan.4.3. Problem in regional executionIn 2007, 23 idyl authoritiess reduced their HIV budget by a sum of 5.72 billion rupiahs, to be put toward the outgo of regional election, even though President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono called for an increment in the stateis budget for HIV/AIDS during a cabinet meeting in July. In Papua, for illustration, the provincial authorities allocated Rp 10 one million millions for its regional AIDS committee in 2007, but merely 1 per centum of the budget was realised. The authorities did non see HIV/AIDS a precedence because the figure of infective people remained little compared to patients of other diseases. In December 2007 the Ministry of Health recorded 6,066 people with HIV and 11,141 with AIDS. The National AIDS Commission said it needs more than Rp 1.5 cardinal in 2008 to cover with the virus, which most of the budget would be spent on bar plans, but the cardinal authorities has promised to supply Rp 1 trillion merely. The committee estimated the figure of people with HIV/AIDS would make 400,000 in 2010 and one million in 2015 across the state. ( The Jakarta Post, 2008 ) .4.4. Problem on support and sustainibilityIn relation to the old treatment on regional execution of the policy, we can see that it was expected for the regional authorities to increase their disbursement on publicities against HIV infections. This is because Indonesia is still depending on foreign g ivers to undertake the issue of HIV infections. Foreign givers provide up to 70 per centum of financess to forestall HIV infections in Indonesia ( Pathoni, 2008 ) . However, givers such as the United States and Australia are expected to diminish AIDS-related aid partially because they now consider Indonesia a middle-income state. This means that plans on HIV bar in Indonesia should stress on sustainability. We shall look at one illustration the Aksi Stop AIDS plan.The Aksi Stop AIDS plan is a plan of HIV bar where USAID, in cooperation with the Family Health International and working together with the authorities of Indonesia through the National Commission of AIDS ( Family Health International, 2007 ) . This plan is aimed to cut down incidence of STI/HIV/AIDS in most-at-risk groups ( MARGs ) thereby assisting to forestall a generalize epidemic and decreased incidence of STI/HIV/AIDS within the general population of Papua ( Family Health International, 2007, p. 5 ) .The plan itself were late came to an terminal in September 2008, where it was expected that we have ( Family Health International, 2007, p. 5 ) i Increased coverage of most-at-risk groups with bring down intercessions and change utilizations of hazard decrease behaviors, patterns, and entree to and usage of services andi Increased ability of implementing bureaus to on a regular basis supervise, evaluate and better plan public presentation, therefore accomplishing expanded coverage.We can see that from this illustration that sustainability of the plan is really of import. After the plan ended, and we have the end product of improved implementing bureaus in HIV bar, therefore we can anticipate the result is the continuity of the HIV bar plan.5. DecisionIn decision, we can see that although Indonesian policy on HIV bar is already set, they have to cover some of the issues which are different from other states the extended sexual web, the geographical difference in HIV infection prevalence and chief method of transmittal, jobs in implementing the harm decrease policy for shooting drug user, jobs arose with decentralization, where regional authoritiess donit prioritise HIV bars, and besides the job with support and sustainability. In covering with the increasing figure if HIV infections in Indonesia, therefore we need to develop a better scheme which turn toing these issues.

Punishment Research Paper

In this paper I will be discussing the effects of iv justifications which include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and fond protection. I will be showing you the relation to these suits of justifications to todays Ameri buns high inn. I will be discussing which type of penalization deters hatred nearly effectively. I will be discussing if the consequences of penalisation nominate many benefits for plague and union. When it comes to the perception of penalty it involves the state to inflict damage on iniquitous killenders.However that chief(prenominal) question is whether or non punishment should be destructive but whether the presumption of punishment makes sense (Golash 2005). Retributive punishment states that offenders who commit a annoyance deserve some type of punishment. Validation is resulting from the wrongfully of the disgust devoted by the offenders. The punishment that is the deliberate and necessary cause of harm works to raise the crime (Golas h 2005). penalty is only measured for the wrongfully of the act, non to prevent future unlawful activity.It is believed by Golash that punishment is used to justify victims (Golash 2005). Punishment is a symbolic termination giving attention to the exoteric that a specific crime was immoral rather than a particular termination of the criminal act. Punishment is believed to be an illustration of vindicated anger by the victims because of the breach of trust commanded by society (Golash 2005). Those who profit from the law have eulogy to punishment according to the law it is a social dissimilarity among society and its members.As of this social dissimilarity, it would be unjust to allow specific citizens to profit from society without regulative their own bad desires (Golash 2005). Retributive punishment does not invalidate the crime except the will of offenders that argon offenders will be free lacking abstinence and consequently punishment direct the will of offenders toward unlawful activity (Golash 2005). In other words, the victims are never fully return to the position they were prior to the criminal act. The conclusion is that a victim has no right apart from their own right to vindicate the offenders illegal behavior to them (Golash 2005).Criminal wrongs so-and-sonot be undone, and doing additional harm to an offender only compounds sealed social ills that may be highly correlated with the offenders need for criminal fulfillment. Punishment is not the only alternative to handle criminals (Golash 2005). Retribution demands a consequence, but that consequence does not necessarily implicate punishment (Golash 2005). In the end if the system demands punishment for those who deserve then why those who are are deserve good not receiving good.Retribution is also known as the moral vengeance to satisfy a society to make the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused (Golash 2005). This type of justification for punishment is the oldest of the four different types of punishment (Golash 2005). This type of punishment was designed to satisfy the peoples need for a type of closure that satisfied the moral of society (Golash 2005). In principal punishment should be equal in severity to the deviance itself. It all comes down to equal justice and eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.The second of the four justifications for punishment is deterrence. bullying is the attempt to discourage crime by punishment (Britannica 2012). This idea came about during the eighteenth century. Deterrence is a type of punishment that relies upon examples of punishment made known to everyone ahead of the times before they direct to do an unlawful activity (Britannica 2012). This concept is based on idea that citizens will not break the law if they think that the pain of the punishment will outweigh the pleasure of the crime.Deterrence theory has established difficult to validate however largely because the bearing of many intervening factors makes it difficult to prove unequivocally that a certain penalty has prevented someone from committing a given crime(Britannica 2012) There have been a fewer examples where some fourth dimensions can have a strong deterrent effect. For example laws that are designed to prevent driving under the influence of alcohol and circumstance a maximum legal limit of blood alcohol levels can have a temporary deterrent effect on a considerable population especially when coupled with mandatory penalties and a high probability of conviction (Britannica 2012).There is another form of deterrent that is called denunciation which utilizes public condemnation as a form of community moral education (Britannica 2012). In this approach a person found guilty of a crime is denounced that is subjected to shame and public criticism (Britannica 2012). Its objective is to reinforce their rejection of law-breaking behavior. General deterrence by dint of fear is aimed at those who avoid law-breaking behaviors no t on moral causa but on the basis of a calculation of the potential rewards and penalties involved (Britannica 2012).This type of punishment is much informal and rationale. Theoretically the effectiveness of individual deterrence can be measured by examining the subsequent conduct of the offender (Britannica 2012). Theories of deterrence and retribution share the same idea that punishment should be per capita to the gravity of the crime, a principal of practical importance (Britannica 2012). If all punishment were the same there would be no incentive to commit lesser rather than the greater offense. Rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime (Larrabee 2006).Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills (Larrabee 2006). These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the c ommunity and give them them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation mandatory to help deter individuals from committing future crime (Larrabee 2006). Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in criminals attitudes or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor necessary activity (Larrabee 2006).Some punishment includes work to reform and rehabilitate the wrongdoer so that they will not commit the criminal offense again. This is distinguished from deterrence, in that the goal here is to change the offenders attitude to what they have done, and make them come to see that their behavior was wrong (Larrabee 2006). Form of rehabilitation through community supervision may also benefit a victim or their families such programs and have high hopes of deterring individuals from committing such acts (Larrabee 2006).By allowing criminals to be rehabilitated instead of enslavement it helps to eliminate problems that inmates experience once released from prison. All owing someone to probation instead of jail time allows families to stay together. When people are incarcerated it causes families to go from two promotes to a one parent family, causing hardship, stress, and problems in the family structure. This program was designed to reform the offender to prevent later offenses (Larrabee 2006).This idea rose among social sciences in the nineteenth century that prove to be an effective solution. If you can control the environment that criminal or lawbreaker of some sort lives in, you can deviate from their normal society (Larrabee 2006). Reformatories or houses of correction provided setting where people could learn the proper behavior. One example of rehabilitation is when someone is caught and arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol they are sentence to attend Alcoholic Anonymous meetings rather than jail time (Larrabee 2006).Once they have completed the rehabilitation through the proper reformatory chosen for them they can choose to stay on the same path of freedom contributing to society or go back to their old habits (Larrabee 2006). Rehabilitation is the most forgiving and corroborative punishment of the four justifications discussed because it promises the offender a second chance at life (Larrabee 2006). Un standardised retribution, which demands that the punishment fit the crime, rehabilitation tailors treatment to each offender. The final examination option for a justification for punishment is the term societal protection.This favors the society by rendering the offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through captivity or permanently by execution (Stephens 1990). This option of punishment differs from rehabilitation in that no special treatment is given to the offender in hopes to change him. His surrounding is a set area in a cell or execution chamber that many have used before him which protects society (Stephens 1990). This method can help be helpful to the offender giving the offen der a chance to reform and a promised second chance.The United States presently incarcerates close to 2. 2 million offenders in jail. As in the Times explains, the crime rate has gone down in recent years, but the figure of speech of offenders locked up across the country has gone up, tripling since 1980 (Stephens 1990). This type of punishment does what is necessary to protect society as a whole from the criminal. This could mean death, or complete removal from society (Stephens 1990). So the question is which one of these deters crime the most efficiently in todays society.With the different views available as well as my personal views, it is difficult to choose just one type of punishment as the most effective method of determent. I can say however, that I would like to see Rehabilitation efforts made more widely available for Juvenile Offenders as I feel that this will alter them to have a much better grasp on what life is as well as allowing them to change their lives positi vely. While for adult offenders (serious crimes), I would not mind seeing harsher penalties in many cases.Certain punishments are more effective on certain crimes. And certain punishments are more effective on certain people (Black 1998). Some criminals should be punished to remove their incentive for committing crimes. But there are some criminals who just need to be removed from society to prevent them from preying upon society (Black 1998). Obviously for lesser crimes, lesser punishments should be delivered. Punishments (if at all possible) should reflect the crime committed such as scrubbing walls for graffiti artists, picking up trash for litterers, etc.Not enough of this is done. Punishments should not punish society if alternatives are available (Black 1998). Jailing everyone (as is now practiced extensively in the U. S. A. ) also punishes society tax money is used. Whippings and public service are excellent punishments and (at least whippings) are not practiced in the U. S. A (Black 1998). But where they are practiced, crime is lower. These forms of punishment also do not cost the taxpayers a lot of money. For most criminals, the threat of adequate punishment will deter them. Adequate does not include sitting on ones bum all day with free meals and a warm place to sleep not to mention watching television set and playing video games (or whatever else jails provide these days) . But then, on the other side of this argument is the fact that far too many people are made criminals for things which should not be a crime. I once heard of a woman being jailed for overdue library books beyond risible (Black 1998). And, at least in one municipality, they wanted to make jay walking a jail able offence again way beyond absurd.Real criminals run low in the jail not jaywalkers, people who get into fights, marijuana smokers, etc. Do punishments for murderers and rapists and the like provide any benefits for the criminals and society? Absolutely it does. It ke eps violent criminals off the streets. Does it provide benefits for those convicted of drug crimes? While theyre in prison, theyve got a roof over their heads, food, and other things. Dont get me wrong people are treated like animals in prisons. But if you come from violent, hard knock surroundings anyhow, I dunno maybe in some cases.Does sticking people in prisons who are convicted of drug crimes provide benefits to society? It gets drug users and small time dealers off the streets, but we have to pay for their food, clothing, and housing for 15+ years. My personal opinion When even hard drugs like coke and heroin are cheaper than most medicines, then maybe our definition of criminal needs a harder look. In conclusion the four types of justification for punishment including retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and societal protection are all effective ways our society deals with lawbreakers.Each of these justifications is an attempt to protect society by ensuring proper punishm ent is carried out. Since crime has statistically dropped in the past 20 years we can conclude that our justice system has a positive effect on crime REFERENCES Stephens (1990) High-tech crime fighting Futurist, Jul/Aug90, Vol. 24 Issue 4, p20-20, 6p, 3 Black and White Photographs, 2 Illustrations true on October 28, 2012 Black (1998) Do Right-to-Carry Laws Deter Violent Crime? journal of Legal Studies, January 1998, v. 27, iss. 1, pp. 209-19 received on October 28, 2012 Larrabee (2006) Punishment vs.Rehabilitation in the criminal justice system received on October 27, 2012 from http//voices. yahoo. com/punishment-vs-rehabilitation-criminal-justice-119962. html? cat=17 Britannica(2012) General Deterrence received on October 27, 2012 from http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/483544/punishment/272339/General-deterrence Golash (2005) The case against punishment Retribution, crime prevention and the Law New York New York University Press, 2005. 240pp. Vol. 15 No. 3 (March 2005), pp. 234-237 received on October 26, 2012 from http//www. bsos. umd. edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/golash305. htm

Pilgrim by Timothy Findley Essay

Pilgrim is introduced in the history in a strikingly interesting manner a suicide essay resulting to his death a temporary death which only lasted for a few hours. From the beginning of the grade which was supposed to be the end of the central shares life, the character of Pilgrim presented a big mystery. Having failed to commit suicide, Pilgrim was though to be schizophrenic so he was placed in a clinic where he tells his astonishing story of how his life or rather lives spanned 4,000 years. The introduction of Pilgrim set the whole plot of the story.It introduced many mysterious questions that were seemingly illogical and irrational Is Pilgrim really a daredevil or an immortal? Which side should the reader take one who supports theories on psychological disorders or one that accepts the possible mysteries of life? Having lived multiple lives, why did Pilgrim compliments death? Such questions only show that Pilgrim was a very complex character one that symbolized a wid e selection of societal themes. Pilgrim, A repugn In the story, the character and nature of Pilgrim satisfied the intellectual and psychological challenge that Dr. Jung was looking for.The peculiar life of the supposed schizophrenic provokes many philosophical, spiritual, psychological, and scientific questions and these questions at once the action of the other characters. As they interact with Pilgrim, the other characters adapt his mythical makeup and doing so encourages them to question their own identity and their own real story of existence. As an effective and astounding mystery novel, this plot relation between the characters is also adapted by the readers. As one goes deep into the story, readers are encourage to share with the questions of Pilgrims character.Findley and Pilgrim Pilgrim was a Timothy Findley character who presents all of authors favorite themes. Findley loved to write about the past and history and that is credibly why Pilgrim was depicted as a man who s panned several lives non forward, but back to the past. This character also depicted isolation and war, though not literary. In the story, Pilgrim was seemingly isolated because he was one of a kind the immortal supposedly who cannot die no matter how he tries to do so. Moreover, thither was no other story character that showed support for Pilgrims claims.Logic demands story characters and even the readers to disregard what Pilgrim believes in. So, in that sense, he is alone, isolated, and is at war with himself and rationality. Whats more obvious here is the fact that Findley tries to evoke people to be more conscious with their own identity and sanity in the same commission as Dr. Jung was after he examined the case of Pilgrim. Pilgrim was presented as nothing in the story an ageless and genderless with no exact definition of himself other than the notion that he was a human world.However, that presentation also made him everything about the story from how it began, how other characters behaved, how the readers will react, how the story will progress, and how the story will end. This character served as the backbone of the story, a character which summarizes the plot, setting, ideas, and themes that can be found or deduced from the novel. What does Pilgrim represent? I have lived many times, Doctor Jung. Who knows, as Leda I faculty have been the mother of Helenor, as Anne, the mother of Mary.I was also crippled shepherd in thrall of Saint Teresa of Avila an Irish stable male child and a maker of stained glass at Chartres. I saw the first performance of Hamlet and the last performance of Moliere, the actor. I was a coadjutor to Oscar Wilde and an enemy to Leonardo. I am both male and female. I am ageless, and I have no access to death. The character of Pilgrim can be interpreted in two opposing ways from a psychological and irrational standpoint or following a mystical approach. Taking into account the view of another prime character in the st ory Dr.Carl Jung, Pilgrim is a representation of the psyche or the collective unconscious. He is just a schizophrenic who, because of his condition seemingly had experienced different personalities which he himself concocted in his unconscious. The fact that he recognized that he had multiple lives implied that he has finally became in touch with consciousness after he has spent years imagining that he lived the lives of multiple personalities. This claim is supported by the fact that Pilgrim remembers nothing about be a child again after being reborn several times.Using the first line of reasoning, there is no point in analyzing the demeanour and actions of the character because all of the irrational actions will only lead to the fact that he is psychologically ill. If Pilgrim is taken as a schizophrenic character then analyzing whether he is just or unjust is pointless because a mentally ill individual does not have a concrete concept of justness and righteousness nor is he capable of making the right decisions. On the other hand, if analyzed using a mythical standpoint, Pilgrim is taken as a particular(prenominal) being an immortal.If the concept of Pilgrims immortality is accepted, then the actions of the character can be further analyzed. Immortality, an illogical ability which is doubted but definitely aspired by many is presented as the key to the full understanding the complex persona of the character and the motivation he has for his actions. In the story, Pilgrim doesnt talk and he exerts all of his efforts on committing suicide. His of import goal is in contrast of what most people want to avoid to die. To explain this willingness to die in this case, it should be noted that unlike normal human beings, Pilgrim has lived multiple lives.Pilgrim lived as both male and female for thousands of years. He has witnessed to some of the greatest events of human history and he was involved with many leading light people who have shaped the worlds h istory and culture. Despite being part of the continuous evolution of the confederation, he also experience and endured the miseries of being a human being. And, based on that experience, his willingness to die implies that perhaps most of the aspects in human life were more wearying than pleasing. Pilgrims persona provides character to the novelThe character of Pilgrim can be analyzed as what the term means a journey. Pilgrim is society and Pilgrims life is human history a mixture of ages, genders, values, and events that affected the evolution of the human life. As noted by Pilgrim, society has witnessed more overweightships than progression there were more revolutionary wars than radical advancements. So, it skill be better if the society will end the changes that it had to endure. But, society cannot die no matter what it does to destroy itself.Throughout the long human history, civilizations have been highly-developed and destroyed by various factors but as represented b y Pilgrims temporal deaths, these social groupings will always be born again. When the society is reborn, it then takes a new form just like the new persona that Pilgrim develops each time he lives again. As such, in the same way that Pilgrim needs Dr. Jung the society also needs logic and reasoning to cure the delusion of weariness and restore its willingness to exist no matter how hard it may be to live and live again. Reference Timothy Findley, Pilgrim. New York. HarperCollins. 2000 (c1999). 486 pages.

Research methods in education Essay

This topic willing give you the overview of a interrogation report and an example of a query report. by and by(prenominal) completing this topic, you should be able to explain the chapter contents of (a) explore Problem (b) Review of the Literature (c) explore Method (d) Research Findings and (e) Conclusions (Figure 2. 1). Figure 2. 1 Topic Contents 2. 2 EXAMPLE OF A RESEARCH REPORT THE EFFECTS OF PREREQUISITE MATHEMATICS ABILITY, TEACHING METHOD AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS ON MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM 1. 1 IntroductionState the target of enquiry and explain the brief contents/subtopics of section/ chapter. The purpose of this research was to even up whether prerequisite maths ability, command method and position lyric poem skills affect math accomplishment. This chapter will explain the background of research, statement of the research problem, purpose of research, importance of research, limitations of research, definition of terms, and summa ry. 1. 2Background of Research Explain the motivation for carrying out this research in terms of theoretical issues or practical problems.Lately, math achievement of near students in both the primary and second-string schooltimes is deteriorating. The direction of math in side of meat does affect maths reading for some students, but it creates epoch-making problems for others. Schools had tried to solve some of these problems, but still could not repair maths achievement of these students. 1. 3 Statement of Research Problem Explain the factors/variables to be included in this research, show the conceptual/theoretical framework of research, and state the research problem.The literature on informing and attainment math indicated that prerequisite maths ability is necessary for students to understand any new mathematics content. Beside prerequisite mathematics, most of past research showed that proper teaching mathematics can repair students performance in mathematics. Lately, research on mathematics learning discovered that face language skills facilitate mathematics learning. The theoretical framework of the research is inclined in Figure 1. 1.This research attempted to determine whether prerequisite mathematics ability, English language skills, and teaching method affect mathematics achievement. Figure 1. 1 Theoretical Framework of the Research 1. 4Purpose of Research Explain the purpose of research, research objectives, research questions and research hypotheses (if any). The purpose of this research was to determine whether prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills affect mathematics achievement. The objectives of this research were 1. 4. 1 Research ObjectivesThis research was carried out with the fol outseting objectives (a) To determine the belief of prerequisite mathematics ability on mathematics achievement. (b) To determine the effect of teaching method on mathematics achievement. (c) To determine t he effect of English language skills on mathematics achievement. 1. 4. 2 Research Questions This research was carried out to answer the fol first gearing research questions (a) What is the effect of prerequisite mathematics ability on mathematics achievement? (b) What is the effect of teaching method on mathematics achievement?(c) What is the effect of English language skills on mathematics achievement? 1. 4. 3 Research Hypotheses The following nobody hypotheses were formulated to answer the research questions (a) there is no difference in mathematics achievement between students with low and high prerequisite mathematics abilities. (b) in that respect is no difference in mathematics achievement between students who are taught using direct instruction and co-op learning. (c) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students with low and high English language skills. 1.5Importance of Research Explain the importance of research findings in terms of theory stoppag e/building or their implications to practitioners. The findings of this research hopefully will create awareness among school administrators and mathematics instructors of the necessity to prepare students with English language skills and prerequisite mathematics familiarity before teaching new mathematics content. The findings also will help mathematics teachers to choose appropriate mathematics teaching method to improve students mathematics achievement. 1. 6Limitations of ResearchExplain the limitations of this research in terms of community, sample, instruments, data analyses or other related problems to the research. This research was carried out in two secondary schools in Petaling Jaya area with a sample of great hundred students. The prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills were classified into only two categories each. The instruments were throttle to prerequisite mathematics test, English language test, and mathematics post-test. I nteraction effects of prerequisite mathematics ability and English language skills with teaching method were not investigated in this research.1. 7Definition of Terms Give the constitutive (conceptual) and operative ( streakment) definitions of the terms/variables employ in the research. The followings were the key terms used in this research and their constitutive and operational definitions (a) math achievement maths achievement can be defined as the ability of a person to solve mathematical problems at a difficulty level that is appropriate to the person. In this research, mathematics achievement was measured using a mathematics post-test that covered the syllabus on area of triangle,rectangle, and circle. (b) necessary mathematics ability .. 1. 8 heavyset Give a summary of important aspects explained in this section/chapter. This research was carried out to improve students mathematics achievement. The purpose of this research was to determine whether prerequisite mathemati cs ability, teaching method and English language skills affect mathematics achievement. The research, which was conducted in two secondary schools in Petaling Jaya area, used teacher-made tests to collect the requisite research data. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE RREVIEW2. 1 Introduction Explain the brief contents of section/chapter. This chapter presents the Literature Review which is divided into related to Literature and Related Research. The Related Literature explains prerequisite mathematics, language skills, direct instruction and cooperative learning. The Related Research presents some research on the effects of prerequisite mathematics ability, language skills and teaching method on mathematics achievement. 2. 2 Related Literature Explain concepts, theories, principles or ideals that are related to the research problem.The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills on mathematics achieve ment. This section will explain the two teaching methods that were used in this research, namely, direct instruction and cooperative learning and also the roles of prerequisite knowledge and language skills in teaching and learning. 2. 2. 1 count command Slavin (2006) defined direct instruction as an approach to teaching in which lessons are goal-oriented and structured by the teacher.The teacher transmits information directly to students by structuring class time so that the students achieve the clearly stated objectives as efficient as possible. It is efficient for teaching a well-defined body of knowledge or skills such as mathematics. Direct discipline comprises of the following seven (7) steps of activities (a) State Learning Objectives and Orient Students to Lesson (b) Review Prerequisites (c) Present New Materials (d) go Learning Probes (e) Provide Independent Practice (f) Assess Performance and Provide Feedback and (g) Provide Distributed Practice and Review.2. 2. 2 Coop erative Learning Slavin (2006) defined cooperative learning as instructional methods in which students work together in sm every last(predicate) groups to help each other learn. The students are prepared with specific skills that will help them work better in a group. These skills include active listening, giving clear explanations, avoiding negative comments, etc. An effective cooperative learning model is called Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD).STAD comprises of the following tetradsome (4) steps of activities (a) Teach the teacher present the lesson (b) Team Study students work on worksheets in their teams to master the material (c) streak students take individual tests and (d) Team Recognition team oodles are computed based on team members improvement rafts and class newsletter recognizes high-scoring teams. 2. 3 Related Research Explain and comment about previous research/ studies that are related to the research problem in terms of macrocosm, sample, instru ments, analyses, findings and limitations.Based on the research framework, this section will present the previous research/ studies related to the effects of prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills on mathematics achievement. Specifically, this section will present the research on direct instruction (Systematic Instruction) and cooperative learning (Student Teams-Achievement Divisions STAD). 2. 3. 1 Research on Direct Instruction The Systematic Instruction (SI) is one form/model of Direct Instruction.SI is a comprehensive Direct Instruction approach with a high course of structure. Studies on the evaluation of nine programmes using Direct Instruction were carried out (in Slavin, 2006). DISTAR and behavior Analysis, the two highly structured Direct Instruction programmes, were found most successful in improving students reading and mathematics achievement. Of the nine programmes, only DISTAR was successful in improving low-achieving disadvanta ged students close to the national average achievement. DISTAR and Behaviour Analysis students were also highest in self-esteem.About 60% of DISTAR students graduated from high school, compared to only 38% of other students in the corresponding school. 2. 3. 2 Research on Cooperative Learning Slavin (1986) had done a research on Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD). The research found that students learn substantially more in cooperative learning than in traditional/direct instruction, if two conditions are made. First, there must be some reward or recognition given to students, such as certificates. Second, each group must make sure that all of their members are learning, not just the good ones.When these conditions are met, cooperative learning is effective in grades 2 through 12, in all subjects and in many types of schools. Other than academic achievement, cooperative learning had positive effect on race relations, self-esteem, and attitudes toward school (Slavin, 1990). 2. 4 Summary Give a summary of important aspects explained in this section/chapter. This chapter presented the Literature Review for this research. The Related Literature discussed about direct instruction, cooperative learning, and the roles of prerequisite knowledge and skills and language skills in teaching and learning.The Related Research discussed about the research on direct instruction, namely, Systematic Instruction, and cooperative learning, namely, Student Teams-Achievement Divisions. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3. 1 Introduction Introduction Explain the brief contents of section/chapter. This chapter presents the Research Method which is divided into Research Design, Population and Sample, Research Instruments, Procedure for entropy Collection, Procedure for Data Analyses, Pilot Study, and Summary.This research used experimental design to investigate the effects of prerequisite mathematics ability, English language skills, and teaching method on mathematics achievement. 3 . 2 Research Design A factorial experimental design was used to investigate the effects of trio independent variables namely, prerequisite mathematics ability, English language skills, and teaching method on the dependent variable of mathematics achievement. This section will explain the factorial design with each of the independent variable having two levels.The two levels of prerequisite mathematics ability were low and high the two levels of English language skills were low and high and the two levels of teaching method were direct instruction and cooperative learning. A (2x2x2) factorial design was used in this research with a make out of eight groups/cells. The factorial design is shown in Table 3. 1. Table 3. 1 (2x2x2) Factorial Design on mathematics Achievement Prerequisite Mathematics cogency Low High English terminology Skills Low Direct Instruction Direct Instruction English speech Skills High Direct Instruction Direct InstructionPrerequisite Mathematics Ability Low H igh English actors line Skills Low Cooperative Learning Cooperative Learning English speech Skills High Cooperative Learning Cooperative Learning 3. 3 Population and Sample Explain the scope/limitation of research in terms of population and sample & how respondents are selected. This was a part of an action research planned for a public secondary school in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. The research population comprised of all the get 4 students in the school for the school year of 2009. A total of 240 ca-ca 4 students were randomly selected as research sample.Other population and sample were not considered in this research, since it was an action research for the school. 3. 4 Research Instruments Explain research instruments to be used and how they are developed/ constructed. There were four instruments used in this research, namely (a) Backgrounds Questionnaire to collect data on backgrounds of respondents (b) Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest to measure students prerequisi te mathematics ability (c) English Language Pretest to measure students English language skills and (d) Mathematics Posttest to measure students mathematics achievement.The four research instruments were developed by two mathematics teachers and two English Language teachers from the school. The Backgrounds Questionnaire was focused on students gender, ethnic, stream, and PMR Mathematics grade. The Mathematics Pretest and Posttest were developed based on the topic of Probability and Statistics, while the English Language Pretest was developed based on Form 4 syllabus. 3. 5 Procedure for Data CollectionExplain step-by-step of the procedure for data collection from obtaining the permission to do research to how the data were collected. The 240 Form 4 students were called to meet the School Principal and researchers at the schools hall. They were briefed about the research and were given the Backgrounds Questionnaire, Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest, and English Language Pretest. Aft er the results of the Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest and English Language Pretest were obtained, the students were classified into four groups of 60 students each, namely (a) studentswith low Prerequisite Mathematics scores and low in English Language scores (b) students with low Prerequisite Mathematics scores and high in English Language scores (c) students with high Prerequisite Mathematics scores and low in English Language scores and (d) students with high Prerequisite Mathematics scores and high in English Language scores. Each of the four groups of students was later assigned randomly to two groups of 30 students each to form a total of eight groups.One mathematics teacher was trained on how to teach mathematics using Direct Instruction, and another mathematics teacher was trained to teach mathematics using Cooperative Learning. After the training, one of the mathematics teachers taught four of groups of students on the topic of Probability and Statistics for a period of th ree weeks using Direct Instruction. The other four groups of students were taught by the other mathematics teacher on the topic of Probability and Statistics also for a period of three weeks using Cooperative Learning.At the end of three weeks, all students were given the Mathematics Posttest. 3. 6 Procedure for Data Analyses Explain step-by-step of the procedure for data analyses from marking the test(s) to how the data were analyzed to answer each research question. One English language teacher was asked to mark the English Language Pretest answer scripts, one mathematics teacher was asked to mark the Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest answer scripts, and another mathematics teacher was asked to mark the Mathematics Posttest answer scripts, based on the marking schemes provided by the researcher.The backgrounds information of the students and their Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest scores, English Language Pretest scores, and Mathematics Posttest scores were entered into a computer f ile for analyses. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the research data. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the backgrounds of students who participated in the research. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the following null hypotheses on the main effects of the independent variables investigated at 0. 05 level of significant.The following null hypotheses were formulated to answer the research questions (a) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students with low and high prerequisite mathematics abilities. (b) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students who are taught using lecture method and cooperative method. (c) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students with low and high English language skills. 3. 7 Pilot Study 4 Explain how you carried out the pilot study and improvements you made on your research after the pilot study.A pilot study for the researc h was carried out in the same school when the two mathematics teachers were given the training on how to teach mathematics using Direct Instruction and Cooperative Learning. A small sample of 20 students was used in the pilot study, whereby the students were given the Backgrounds Questionnaire, English Language Pretest, Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest, and Mathematics Posttest. The students were interviewed by the researcher on their understanding of the Questionnaire, Pretests, and Posttest.The researcher had refined the Questionnaire, and a new set of equivalent English Language Pretest, Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest, and Mathematics Posttest were developed by the same two mathematics teachers and two English Language teachers based on the comments from students. 3. 8 Summary Give a summary of important aspects explained in this section/chapter. This chapter presented the Research Method that was focused on the Research Design, Population and Sample, Research Instruments, Proc edure for Data Collection, Procedure for Data Analyses and Pilot Study.The research was carried out on 240 Form 4 students from a public secondary school in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. A Backgrounds Questionnaire, an English Language Pretest, a Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest, and a Mathematics Posttest were used as research instruments. A pilot study was carried out at the same school and the instruments were refined based on students comments. Descriptive statistics were used to explain the backgrounds of respondents, while ANOVA was used to test the null hypotheses of the research. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH FINDINGS 4. 1 IntroductionExplain the brief contents of section/chapter. This chapter presents the Research Findings which is divided into the Backgrounds of Respondents and the Results of Data Analyses and Research Findings. The Backgrounds of Respondents discuss the composition of respondents by gender and ethnic. The Results of Data Analyses and Research Findings explain the results of Analysis of Variance on Mathematics Achievement and the hypothesis tests on the effects of Prerequisite Mathematics, Teaching Method, and English Language Skills on Mathematics Achievement. 4.Backgrounds of Respondents Explain the backgrounds of the research respondents, e. g. their gender, age, family income, etc. This research was carried out at a public secondary school in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 240 Form 4 students were randomly selected as research sample. These students were assigned to four groups based on the results of Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest and English Language Skills Pretest. The background of respondents in terms of gender, ethnic, guess score and standard deviation (SD) of Prerequisite Mathematics, and meanscore and standard deviation (SD) of English Language Skills are given in Table 4. 1. The respondents comprised of 120 male students (50%), 120 female students (50%) which were made up of 120 Malay students (50%), 96 Chinese studen ts (40%), and 24 Indian students (10%). In terms of Prerequisite Mathematics and English Language Skills, Group 1 (Low Math & English) comprised of 60 students with mean of 31. 8% in Prerequisite Mathematics and 42. 6% in English Language Skills. Group 2 (Low Math & High English) comprised of 60 students with mean of 32. 1% in Prerequisite Mathematics and 72.

Bullying Speech Essay

Hello Im Maddi Beeson as many of you know and I wanted to talk to you just to the highest degree a very important issue at our school. There is the problem of bullying and I would like to say something about it which will hopefully change things. Starting off with this poem I had found on the internet which is a very inspiring poem about bullying. It is called To This Day- for the bullied and the beautiful by Shane Koyczan.When I was a kid I utilise to think that pork chops and karate chops Were the same thing I thought they were twain pork chops And because my grandmother thought it was rationalizee And because they were my favorite She let me keep doing it Not really a big deal One day beforehand I realized fat kids are not designed to climb trees I fell out of a tree And bruised the right side of my body I didnt want to tell my grandmother about it Because I was afraid Id get in trouble For playing somewhere that I shouldnt have been A few days later the gym teacher noticed the bruise And I got sent to the principals seat From there I was sent to another small room With a really nice lady Who imploreed me all kinds of questions About my life at dwelling I saw no reason to lie As far as I was concerned.Life was pretty good I told her, Whenever Im sad My grandmother gives me karate chops This led to a full scale investigation And I was removed from the house for three days Until they finally decided to ask how I got the bruises News of this silly inadequate story quickly spread through the school And I earned my first nickname Pork meat cleaver To this day I hate pork chops Im not the only kid Who grew up this way Surrounded by people who used to say That rhyme about sticks and st aces As if broken bones Hurt more than the names we got called And we got called them all So we grew up believing no one Would ever fall in love with us That wed be lonely forever That wed never meet someone To make us feel like the sun Was something they built for us In t heir tool shed So broken heart strings bled the blues As we seek to empty ourselves.So we would feel nothing Dont tell me that hurts less than a broken bone That an ingrown life Is something surgeons sack up cut away That theres no way for it to metastasize It does She was eight years old Our first day of array three When she got called ugly We both got moved to the back of the class So we would stop get bombarded by spit balls But the school halls were a battleground Where we found ourselves outnumbered day afterwards wretched day Weused to stay inside for recess Because outside was worse Outside wed have to rehearse running away Or learn to stay thus far like statues giving no clues that we were there In grade five they taped a sign to her desk That read look out of dog To this day Despite a loving husband She doesnt think shes beautiful Because of a birthmark That takes up a little less than half of her face Kids used to say she looks like a wrong answer That someone tried to erase But couldnt rather get the job done And theyll never understand That shes raising devil kids Whose definition of beauty Begins with the word mom Because they see her heart Before they see her skin Because shes only ever always been amazing He Was a broken branchGrafted onto a different family tree pick out Not because his parents opted for a different destiny He was three when he became a mixed drink Of one part left alone And two parts tragedy Started therapy in 8th grade Had a personality made up of tests and pills Lived like the up hills were mountains And the down hills were cliffs Four fifths suicidal A tidal wave of anti depressants And an adolescence of being called popper One part because of the pills Ninety nine parts because of the cruelty He tried to kill himself in grade ten When a kid who could still go home to mom and dad Had the audacity to tell him get over it as if depression Is something that can be remedied By any of the contents found in a first aid k it To this day He is a stick of trinitrotoluene lit from both ends Could describe to you in detail the way the sky bends In the moments before its about to fall And despite an multitude of friends Who all call him an inspiration He remains a conversation piece between people Who cant understand Sometimes suitable drug free Has less to do with addiction And more to do with sanity We werent the only kids who grew up this way To this day Kids are still being called names The classics were Hey stupid Hey spaz Seems like each school has an arsenal of names Getting updated every year And if a kid breaks in a school And no one around chooses to hearDo they make a sound? Are they just the background noise Of a soundtrack stuck on repeat When people say things like Kids can be cruel? Every school was a big top circus tent And the pecking hostelry went From acrobats to lion tamers From clowns to carnies All of these were miles ahead of who we were We were freaks Lobster claw boys and beard ed ladies Oddities Juggling depression and loneliness playing solitaire spin the bottle Trying to kiss the hurt parts of ourselves and heal But at night While the others slept We kept

Explore the Ways In Which Shakespeare Presents Cleopatra Essay

An Elizabethan audience would have already had preconceived ideas about Cleopatra, as this number is based on a true story, and Cleopatra was commented on in Norths Plutarch, as a Pesilent plague, meaning that she brings death, panic and havoc to wherever she went. Also the audience would have already had preconceived ideas of Cleopatra, due to oral stories, which were passed from generation to generation.In these stories, she was addressed as a high-class prostitute, who lured men, into her bed, so that she could log Zs with them to get whatever she wanted, this included Caesar, She had no morality. The stories say that she seduced Antony, and she overwhelmed him. The audience therefore would have been biased against Cleopatra and feel sympathy for Antony. Most of these stories would have been passed on by word of mouth and she would have been cursed on many times, which brain washed the next generation and so on.Shakespeare presents Cleopatra as a character of boundless variety and tries to give a balanced point of view, so as there are not any biased opinions against her. He keeps it balanced by using some multi-facetted approaches when Antony was dying, she said, There is nothing remarkable Beneath the visiting moon She is saying that now that Antony is dead, there is nothing worth living for. hither it is presented that she does honest-to-goodnessly love Antony, the problem now being that the audiences ideas are swaying between good and bad, due to her words and actions.But she also says, if you catch out him sad, say I am dancing, if in mirth report that I am sudden sick Here it is clearly proving that Cleopatras love seems that of a teenagers lust or crush, where she is simply playing mind games with Antony. By now the audience would find Cleopatra unpredictable, confused and unsure about her being genuine for her love to Antony or not. The audience is left to make up their own minds about Cleopatra and certain questions may arise, such as, does sh e really love Antony?The audience would already have their own preconceived ideas of Cleopatra, which could have been planted in the minds of an Elizabethan audience, through morality stories. The audience might have known that the Roman empire was a very strict and political place and era, and Antony was not abiding by the Roman standards or laws, because of the attraction of Cleopatra, who they could blame for the downfall. Also during Roman rule, and for centuries later, women were frowned upon so far if they spoke so what would the Elizabethan audience think of the audacity, let alone tone of Cleopatras dialogue.In the first scene of Antony and Cleopatra, two of Antonys soldiers in his army, (Philo and Demetrious) discuss Antonys enslavement to Cleopatra. They say that which is confirmed by the entrance of Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra shows insecurity, towards Antony straight from her opening line If it be love indeed, tell me how much, Antony goes on to say Let Rome in timb er melt and the wide arch of the rangd empire fall Here is my space. Here Antony is saying leave Rome I want to stay in Egypt, which shows how Cleoptara had already influenced Antony and even after this strong image and speech, she is still not impressed.

Accounting Information System 5

American Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-223X Issue 4 (2009), pp36-44 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http//www. eurojournals. com/ajsr. htm write up learning constitutions (AIS) and Knowledge trouble A Case Study Zulkarnain Muhamad Sori Department of accountancy and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Management Universiti Putra Malaysia Abstract This study seeks to examine the use of Accounting development Systems (AIS) by ZBMS Sdn. Bhd. , and its contribution to the companionship management and strategical intent of the governance. ZBMS is a bon ton that registered in Kuala Lumpur and operate in aspect industry.The company utilize automated AIS know as Contract Plus fiscal & be sick Accounting package commerci altogethery authentic by a private company (ZYXW). Wide vicissitude of sight that involve in the companys operating theater at heart and emergeside the organisation uses accounting information generated by this governance for decisionmaking. Based on input provided by operational level managers, the Contract Plus bundle produces monthly projects income masterys, balance sheets and statement of changes in monetary position for the strategic and tactical managers to plan, control and make decision on the resources allocation.The role- compete by AIS enhanced the organisations accounting functions, and add information look on. The automated AIS speed up the surgery to generate fiscal statements and overcome human weaknesses in data processing. The arrangement of rules enhances management of resources and the process of monitoring, control and prediction of ZBMS business for better incoming. With the advent of AIS, the offset of tacit and intelligible acquaintance could be seen from the intensive training of personnel at the early stage of system performance to the development and use of companys get manual in training of new staff and assisting the job of existing staff.Given the benefit of AIS to ZBMS, this story recommended that the source of data should be fully automated, and the existing system should be upgraded through computerise the pre-tendering and post-tendering of projects to enable AIS integration. Key address Accounting breeding Systems, Knowledge Management, Accounting Functions, Information Value, Financial Statements 1. Introduction Accounting Information System (AIS) is merry to all organisations (Borthick and Clark, 1990 Curtis, 1995 Rahman et al. , 1988 Wilkinson, 1993 Wilkinson et al. 2000) and perhaps, ein truth organisations either profit or non profit-oriented need to maintain the AISs (Wilkinson, 2000 3-4). To better understand the term Accounting Information System, the three talking to constitute AIS would be elaborate separately. Firstly, literature documented that accounting could be identified into three components, namely information system, language of business and source of financial information (Wilkinson, 1993 6-7). Secondly, information is a valua ble data processing that provides a basis for making decisions, taking action and fulfilling legal obligation.Finally, system is an integrated entity, Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and Knowledge Management A Case Study 37 where the framework is focused on a set of objectives. The combination of the three words Accounting Information System signify an integrated framework within an entity (such as a business firm) that employs physical resources (i. e. , materials, supplies, personnel, equipment, funds) to transform economic data into financial information for (1) conducting the firms operations and activities, and (2) providing information concerning the entity to a variety of interested users.Indeed, the combination or interaction between human, technology and techniques would permit an organisation to administer its knowledge effectively (Bhatt, 2001 Thomas and Kleiner, 1995). authorizedly, the world and human life has been transformed from information age to a knowledge age (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland, 2004 238 Thomas and Kleiner, 1995 22), and knowledge has been recognised as the most valuable asset. In fact, knowledge is not impersonal like money and does not reside in a book, a data bank or a softw ar program (Drucker, 1993).Drucker believed that knowledge is always embodied in a person, taught and learned by a person, used or misused by a person. As the world moving into knowledge era, this constitution will examine how ZBMS Sdn. Bhd. manages its knowledge in order to appease competitive amongst the construction industry. Probst, Raub & Romhardt (1999, p. 1) stressed that companies must learn to manage their intellectual assets (i. e. knowledge) in order to survive and compete in the knowledge society. Indeed, knowledge management is concerned with the exploitation and development of the knowledge assets (Davenport et al. , 1998).This paper seeks to examine the Accounting Information Systems (AIS) used by a Malaysian company named ZBMS Sdn. Bhd . The paper will highlight the users of the system and the way information adds value to the organisation. Also, the paper will investigate the way knowledge is managed through the process of creating, storing, disseminating and applying and how information system plays an important role through reveal the process and the AIS contribution in the organisations strategic role. The remainder of the paper is organised as follows. The following dent describes the background of ZBMS and the use of accounting information systems.The third section provides research findings on accounting information systems employed by ZBMS. The fourth section digest suggestions for future research. The final section concludes the paper and come inlines the limitations of the study. 2. The Use of Accounting Information Systems in ZBMS ZBMS is a private limited company registered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia that operate in construction industry, where the main activities ranging from construction of infrast ructure, building, power, waste water to property development as closely as engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning (EPCC) in the oil & bluster sector.The company used automated AIS known as Contract Plus Financial & exteriorise Accounting package in their Finance Department, which was commercially developed by a private company (ZYXW). Contract Plus is a fully integrated business solution designed specifically for companies in the engineering and construction industry. The software will generate financial data to be analysed by the accountants and subsequently used by top level of management for strategic decision making, thus, these managers could identify future opportunities and limitations face by the company and industry (McCarthy, Minichiello and Curran, 1987 243-244). . Findings As mentioned earlier in section 2, ZBMS is a company that operate in construction industry. The industry was identified as one of the most difficult to understand due to its comp lexity mixture of people, plant, materials, locations, technology, knowledge of the law as well as the design and valuation of work done, which are much subjectivity (Capon, 1990 1). However, these challenges are under control with the advent of technology such as software development that allows systematic data 38 Zulkarnain Muhamad Sori processing.Therefore, it is important to understand the information flow in ZBMS in order to appreciate the usage of information within the organisation as shown in move into 1-1 below. 3. 1. Users of AIS As shown in mental image 1-1, the finance personnel that reside at site project office (or called Project Accountants) and head office such as the Financial Accountants, Management Accountants and Finance Manager are the internal users of the system. Also, the management team that consists of Finance General Manager, promontory Operating partr, Managing Director and Board of Directors are among the internal users of the system.On the other han d, the external users consist of government agency (i. e. Inland revenue), external auditors and creditors. Indeed, wide variety of people within and outside the organisation uses accounting information for decision-making (Rahman and Halladay, 1988, Renau and Grabski, 1987). Figure 1. 1 Information Flow of ZBMS ZBMS HEAD OFFICE Management Team Inland Revenue ZBMS HEAD OFFICE External Auditors Finance Department Bankers Suppliers Site Office Design Team SubContractors Client 3. 2.Function of AIS The main function of AIS is to assign quantitative value of the past, present and future economics events. At ZBMS, AIS through its computerised accounting system (i. e. ZYXW-Contract Plus) produces the financial statements namely income statements, balance sheets and cash flow statement. The system will process the data and transform them into accounting information during input, processing and output stages that will be used by a wide variety of users such as internal and external users ( see for example Wilkinson, 2000 10-11).Wilkinson noted that an effective AIS performs several key functions throughout these three stages such as data collection, data maintenance, data Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and Knowledge Management A Case Study 39 management data control (including security) and information generation. Figure 1-2 summarised the transformation process of AIS. Figure 1. 2 Data Processing in Finance Department at ZBMS Input Progress Billing Certificate, Subcontractors Progress Certificate, Suppliers Invoices Processor ZYXW Accounting System takings Financial StatementHuman Element Finance Personnel 3. 3. Usage of Information Within AIS The construction projects undertaken by the company are divided according to the type of construction activities that comprised of five divisions, namely infrastructure, building, power, wastewater and oil and gas, where each project is treated as a separate company. The number of projects undertaken by each division depends on the contracts being awarded to the company. As indicated by Figure 1-2, the sources of data originated from external parties such as client, subcontractors and suppliers.The Project Accountants will work closely with the Quantity Surveyors to come out with the appropriate information as illustrated below Client The clients Quantity Surveyors (QSs) will evaluate work in progress (WIP) and come out with per centum of WIP to be agreed by both parties. Once agreed, Progress Billing Certificates (PBC) will be issued by Clients QSs, which a imitate of it will be sent to head office for data processing. Subcontractors The ZBMSs QSs will evaluate subcontractors WIP at site and come out with percentage of WIP to be agreed by both parties.Once agreed, Subcontractor Progress Certificate (SPC) will be issued by ZBMSs QSs and confirm by ZBMSs Project Manager, which a copy of it will be sent to head office for data processing. Suppliers QSs and Project Accountants will ensure th at the materials and machineries are delivered in good condition at construction site before delivery orders are accepted. The delivery orders will be attached to suppliers invoice and sent to Head Office for processing. 40 Figure 1. 3 Simplifies the AIS within ZBMS Zulkarnain Muhamad Sori CLIENTSUBCONTRACTORS SUPPLIERS Site Valuation by Client Site Valuation by ZBMS Materials & machineries delivered sensible by Client Certified by ZBMS Materials & machineries delivered PBC SPC Invoices Verified & KeyPunched by Project Accountants Projects Accounts Receivables HQ Database (ZYXW) Head Office Maintenance Projects Accounts Payable Projects Fixed Assets Projects Cash Book Project Ledger Projects mental testing Balance Projects Financial Statement Consolidated Consolidated General Ledger Consolidated Trial Balance Consolidated Financial StatementsThese documents will be verified and input into the system by Project Accountants. The projects data will be stored at Projects Account Recei vables, Account Payables, Fixed Assets accordingly. Projects cashbook will be updated automatically after the data being entered to the projects Account Receivables and Account Payables. Any expenses incurred at head office will be stored at HQ Maintenance master record by Financial Accountant. The Contract Plus Accounting System software will process the data and produce financial statements of individual companys projects onAccounting Information Systems (AIS) and Knowledge Management A Case Study 41 monthly basis, which subsequently consolidated at group level. The process flow is shown in Figure 13 preceding(prenominal). The automated AIS play an important role in the ZBMSs operational level. As indicated by Rahman and Halladay (1988 20), most modern organisations operational control of financial resources depends largely on automated support. This is due to the financial statements are generated by the Contract Plus.As shown in Figure 1-4, projects financial statements are ge nerated by the Project Accountants, while the Financial Accountant generates the consolidated financial statements. The Management Accountant uses the consolidated financial statements to prepare companys death penalty Report such as cash-flow forecasts and ratio analysis. Once the Finance Manager (operational level) approve the report, it will then be submitted to the Finance General Manager and question Operating Officer (tactical level) to assist them for planning, control and decision making.The Performance Report will provide the information regarding work in progress relevant information. Therefore, AIS plays very important role at operational and tactical level as the activities at these level depend heavily on the information generated by the AIS. Figure 1. 4 Type of Information in ZBMS Strategic Board of Director, Managing Director Tactical Chief Operating Officer, General Manager (Finance) Finance Manager, Management Accountant, Financial Accountant, Project Accountant O perational Transaction Processing ZYXW Accounting System . 4. Value Added of AIS The role played by accounting functions has been enhanced with the development of AIS, which in turn contribute to the professions value added to organisation. In fact automated AIS employed by ZBMS expedite the process to generate financial statement and reduce the human errors compared to non-automated AIS, which add the existing value of accountants. AIS also provide information on both actual and budget data of the organisation that helps companys management to plan and control business operation.Good management of resources and better control of cost, budgeting and forecasting enhance the well being of ZBMS to continually generated profits. The AIS also played a crucial role that contributes to ZBMSs value added by providing internally generated inputs from financial statements. Rahman and Halladay (1988 19) believed that viable strategic plan must have inputs based on history of organisation, the current assets and capabilities of the organisation, and the trends in operations of the organisation. 42 3. 5. Role of Knowledge Zulkarnain Muhamad SoriAt ZBMS, both tacit and explicit knowledge are used as shown by the extensive used of accounting information system to assist business decision-making. The ZBMS begins its computerised accounting system in 1997. During the transformation process from manual to computerised accounting system, all finance personnel were sent for comprehensive computer training. Table 1 Relationship of AIS at ZBMS and Knowledge Management System Knowledge Management System Creation of knowledge Creation of Knowledge Storing of Knowledge Disseminating of Knowledge Knowledge Conversion graphic to mute Explicit to Tacit Tacit to Explicit Tacit to ExplicitDevelopment of Automated AIS Training by hands-on experience ZYXW implemented, staffs learned from vendors manual Staffs gaining experience Problems and solution being recorded on paper Improvement on s ystem Internal manual that suits the ZBMS needs being produced Widely used in the department Assists learning process of new staffs Explicit to Tacit System constantly use in Finance Department to generate monthly financial statements Applying of Knowledge Explicit to Explicit As shown in Table 1, the staffs were given hands on experience on the ZYXW System.During the early stage of system implementation, finance personnel were given flexibility to explore the system due to limited experience on the software at that time, and most of the staffs depend largely on the manual provided by the vendor for trouble-shooting. At sign stage, two-way communications with the vendor were developed to solve problems arised. As the time going on, the personnel were encouraged to record the problems aroused. Problems that have been solved were recorded for future reference.Currently, the ZBMS Finance Department has its own ZYXW manual that suits with the department needs. The manual provides valua ble information to new employees as well as to the existing personnel at Finance Department. Indeed, AIS provide the systematic recording, processing and generating of accounting information, and in the absence of AIS, information would be scattered, random and hard to access, which would become a barrier to the growth of knowledge. 3. 6. Strategic Role and AIS To analyse the AIS strategy in ZBMS, McFarlan Strategic Grid will be utilised. The McFarlans strategic grid would locate ZBMS to the appropriate course of instruction with respect to its information system strategy (Curtis, 1995 61). Automated AIS is fundamental part of the strategic plan of ZBMS in 1997. It has been improved over the years of implementation and generates exact and timely accounting information that contributes to a good decision-making. Realising the benefit brought by the AIS, the source of data must be fully automated. The existing system should be upgraded through computerise the pre-tendering and post- tendering of projects in the primary stages of the construction activities.When the system is upgraded, the ZYXW Contract Plus will integrate the two modules of pre- and post-tendering with the currently automated Financial and Project Accounting. Therefore, the most suitable position to locate AIS at ZBMS on the McFarlan Grid is on Factory Grid as shown in Figure 1-5 below. Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and Knowledge Management A Case Study Figure 1. 5 ZBMS Location on McFarlans Strategic Grid 43 Low Current Dependence on AIS Support Turnaround High Factory AIS at ZBMS Strategic Low Future Importance of AIS High 4. Direction for Future ResearchHaving mentioned the above opportunities and challenges to the AIS, future research should investigate the AIS contribution on the organisations growth of knowledge. Though AIS would organise and structure the data input and knowledge, lack of reasonableness on the potential effect of human behaviour on the system such as human error, manipulation and work-style. In fact, Ponemon and Nagoda (1990) noted, the most difficult problems a great deal are caused, or are exacerbated, by those individuals who have erroneous expectations of the new system being implemented (p. 1).The study would be fruitful with the use of questionnaire and oppugn survey. Perhaps, the survey should concentrate on a sample of senior managers of the top hundred companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia (Malaysian Stock Exchange), banks and regulatory bodies. These groups could contribute significantly due to their role as a decision maker in their respective organisations. Secondly, future research should also investigate the possibility to expand the use of AIS to the other areas that lifelessness did not use the system such as non-profit organisation and society.Indeed, the current level of usage shows that the benefit outweighs the investment cost. The successful implementation of AIS could save shareholders money and time. Finally, fut ure research should explore issues on the information value generated by AIS to shareholders and stakeholders in making investment decisions. Case study preliminary on top companies would be appropriate methodology because the understanding on specific AIS model would be more valuable rather than using questionnaire and question approach that assumes AIS across sampled organisation is identical. 5. ConclusionThis paper examines the use of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) by ZBMS Sdn. Bhd. The wide varieties of people that involve in the companys operation get the benefits from the implementation of AIS and the use of Contract Plus software developed by ZYXW. The system assists the operational managers to come out with monthly reports for the top managerial level (i. e. tactical and strategic) plan, control and decide resources allocation. In addition, the paper showed that the AIS add value to information processed within the company. The automated AIS could speed up informati on process and overcome traditional human weaknesses.As a result, the system supports the resource management and help ZBMS pursue its projection of continuing business profit. The use of AIS indicate the growth of tacit and explicit knowledge, where personnel were trained intensively and experience and trouble shooting were 44 Zulkarnain Muhamad Sori recorded for future reference and training. Indeed, the successful implementation of an accounting information system can be described as a series of complex, interconnected activities necessitating participants to have technical and managerial skills to sort out prospective problems (Ponemon and Nagoda, 1990 1).Note To keep the identity of the respondent and its software developer anonymous, an imaginary name was used in this study i. e. ZBMS Sdn. Bhd. and ZYXW respectively. References 1 2 Bhatt, G. D. (2001). 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Accounting Information Systems Principles, Applications and Future Directions. New Jersey Prentice Hall. Reneau, J. H. and Gra bski, S. V. (1987). A Review of Research in Computer-Human Interaction and private Differences Within a Model for Research in Accounting Information Systems. Journal of Information Systems, 2(1) 33-53. Rowley, J. (1999). What is knowledge management. Library Management, 20 (8) 416-420. Syed-Ikhsan, S. O. S. (2004). Benchmarking Knowledge Management in a Public Organisation in Malaysia.Benchmarking An International Journal, 11 (3) 238-266. Thomas, V. and Kleiner, B. H. (1995). New developments in computer software. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 95(6) 22-26. Wilkinson, J. W. (1993). Accounting Information Systems Essential Concepts and Applications. Second Edition. New York John Wiley & Sons Inc. Wilkinson, J. W. , Cerullo, M. J. , Raval, V. and Wong-On-Wing, B. (2000). Accounting Information Systems Essential Concepts and Applications. 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