Saturday, December 28, 2019

What Is a Qipao in Chinese Fashion

Qipao, also known as  cheongsam (æâ€"â€"è ¢ ) in Cantonese, is a one-piece Chinese dress that has its origins in Manchu-ruled China back in the 17th century. The style of the qipao has evolved over the decades and is still worn today.   Cheongsam History During the Manchu rule, the chieftain Nurhachi (åŠ ªÃ§Ë† ¾Ã¥â€œË†Ã¨ µ ¤,  NǔěrhÄ chà ¬, ruled 1559–1626) established the banner system, which was a structure for organizing all Manchu families into administrative divisions. The traditional dress that Manchu women wore became known as the  qipao (æâ€"â€"è ¢ , meaning banner gown). After 1636, all Han Chinese men in the banner system had to wear the male version of the  qipao, called the  chà ¡ngpà ¡o  (é• ·Ã¨ ¢ ). In the 1920s in Shanghai, the cheongsam was modernized and became popular among celebrities and the upper class. It became one of the official  national dresses of the Republic of China in 1929. The dress became less popular when Communist rule began in 1949 because the Communist government tried to erase many traditional ideas, including fashion, to make way for modernism. The Shanghainese then took the dress to British-controlled Hong Kong, where it remained popular in the 1950s. At that time, working women often paired the cheongsam with a jacket. For example, Wong Kar-Wais 2001 film In the Mood for Love, set in Hong Kong in the early 1960s, features actress Maggie Cheung wearing a different cheongsam in almost every scene. What a Qipao Looks Like The original qipao worn during the Manchu rule was wide and baggy. The Chinese dress featured a high neck and straight skirt. It covered all of a woman’s body except for her head, hands, and toes. The cheongsam was traditionally made of silk and featured intricate embroidery. The qipaos worn today are modeled after ones made in Shanghai in the 1920s. The modern qipao  is a one-piece, form-fitting dress that has a high slit on one or both sides. Modern variations may have bell sleeves or are sleeveless and made out of a variety of different fabrics. When a Cheongsam Is Worn In the 17th century, women wore a qipao nearly every day. During the 1920s in Shanghai and 1950s in Hong Kong, the qipao was also worn casually quite often. Nowadays, women do not wear a qipao as everyday attire. Cheongsams are now worn only during formal occasions like weddings, parties, and beauty pageants. The qipao is also used as a uniform at restaurants and hotels and on airplanes in Asia. But, elements of traditional qipaos, like intense colors and embroidery, are now incorporated into everyday wear by design houses like  Shanghai Tang. Where You Can Buy a Qipao Qipaos are experiencing a resurgence since In the Mood for Love and other movies and television dramas in and out of China. They are available for purchase at high-end boutique stores or can be personally tailored at clothing markets in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore; many of the larger cities in China, including Chengdu, Beijing, and Harbin; and even in the west. You can also find a cheap version at streetside stalls. An off-the-rack  qipao at a clothing store can cost about $100, while tailor-made ones can cost hundreds or thousands of dollars. Simpler, inexpensive designs may be purchased online.   Sources and Further Reading Chew, Matthew. Contemporary Re-Emergence of the Qipao: Political Nationalism, Cultural Production and Popular Consumption of a Traditional Chinese Dress. The China Quarterly 189 (2007): 144–61. Print.Xiangyang, Bian. Origin of Qipao Fashion in Early Republic Period. Journal of Donghua University, 2003.  Yang, Chui Chu. The Meanings of Qipao as Traditional Dress: Chinese and Taiwanese Perspectives. Iowa State University, 2007.

Friday, December 20, 2019

English IB world literature - 1567 Words

World Literature Assignment 1 â€Å"Tracing how anger shapes the transformation of Tita in Laura Esquivel’s, Like Water for Chocolate and Esteban Trueba in Isabelle Allende’s,The House of The Spirits† Love is strong affection and attraction towards somebody, The glow of love lights the dullest of lives. But what happens when love is lost? Loss of love shapes the life of a character; it can alter it completely. Loss of love also triggers anger within a person, and that’s what happens to Tita from Like Water for Chocolate and Esteban Trueba from The House of the Spirits. Between Like Water for Chocolate and The House of The spirits, my points of comparison are: how the two characters were†¦show more content†¦If it had been Rosa, he would let her do whatever she wishes, but not Clara: his heart had been hardened by loss of love; he does not wish to love anybody else, much less Rosa’s sister. But with time, he comes to adore her. Esteban despairs Clara because she treats him like everyone else. He tries to make her jealous by going to brothels but it doesn’t work- Clara is as impassive as her. Esteban’s love for Clara is â€Å"the most powerful emotion of his life†. The underlying reason was loss of love; the emotional breakdown he had been through opened up new gaps in him, and Clara filled those gaps perfectly. His fondness and besottedness for Clara grew to such an extent that he banished his sister Ferula from the house out of suspicion: he thought of Ferula’s love for Clara to be too intimate for friendship. This in turn reflects his possessiveness for Clara. Esteban meets Count Jean de Satigny and entertains the idea of his marriage with Blanca. But the conniving Count informs Esteban about Blanca’s relationship with Pedro Tercero. Esteban beats Blanca with a horse whip and when Clara defends the young lovers, Esteban punches her in the face, knocking out her teeth; he turns into a monster of brutality. 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Thursday, December 12, 2019

My College Essay free essay sample

I never really thought that my life could change forever by one simple video. A life changing moment I have experienced in my life happened when I was about 10 years old. I happened to be at home on the computer surfing through the internet. I stumbled across a game studio’s website with their studio logo on the site was represented with the word â€Å"insomniac† with the â€Å"o† replaced by a full moon. Continuing to scroll the site I found a video next to it was the word â€Å"new† in bright red. My curiosity had struck me so I moved the cursor onto the video and clicked it to watch. The video starts with a pitch black screen then the studio logo slowly lights up giving off a teal light. â€Å"Welcome to Insomniac games’ first ever studio tour!† says the Male announcer in an upbeat tone. Inside of my head I thought to myself â€Å"this ought to be interesting† having said that I turned up the volume, sat back and watched a video that changed my life forever. We will write a custom essay sample on My College Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The video flashes through gameplay footage, to work on the game, footage of the employees designing characters, story line writing, and to voice recording in a booth. I had paused the video to look closely to one of the employees they were wearing black shirts with the studio logo printed on them, blue jeans, and glasses. The expression on their faces were a happy one. I kept staring at the background which had a board with blue and orange lights around it, on the board was rough drafts of the character designs from their previous and current games. After finishing the video which was roughly around 10 minutes I had decided that I would be a video game designer and work on games. My dream of becoming a game designer is to make games that people would enjoy I mean some people might do it for the money but, I want to do it to entertain thousands of people around the world who play video games. My College Essay free essay sample The University values an educational environment that provides all members of the campus community with opportunities to grow and develop intellectually, personally, culturally, and socially. In order to give us a more complete picture of you as an individual, please tell us about the particular life experiences, perspectives, talents, commitments and/or interests you will bring to our campus. In other words, how will your presence enrich our community? I was snooping through my sister’s things in her room one day. I found a letter. It was a letter to her friends. Reading it, I was in shock. Walking down the stairs, with the letter in my hand, I showed it to my mom. Her face was miserable, tears streaming down her face. My sister wanted to commit suicide. My sister was not popular; she wanted to become a â€Å"popular† person. She tried so hard to fit in with the others. We will write a custom essay sample on My College Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That’s when she became anorexic, started to go out and party with others, which lead to bulimia. She let people put words in her head and tell her she could become skinnier. I could see her bones sticking out, her face shrunk, and she wasn’t happy with herself. That night, I found my sister in her room with a scissors in her hands, cutting her wrists. She also overdosed on pills too. My mom and dad stopped her before she killed herself. My sister was lying on the floor, hardly breathing. Giving her a paper bag to breathe in, my dad called 911. She was taken to the emergency room and then sent to Roger’s rehab center. When Roger’s took her, she gained weight and looked healthier when I visited her. My sister looked happier. They put her on anti-depressants. It was different not having my sister around when I needed her the most. I slowly got through school, but it was difficult. Learning so much from my sister’s mistakes in life has made me stronge r. She had me come with her to her two babysitting jobs. I loved it. She had me do small jobs like changing a diaper, serving food to the kids, or watching a movie with them. When my sister went to college, she had me take over her two babysitting jobs. I would be responsible for taking care of children. Now, she has a baby and when she needs someone to watch over him, I’m always there to watch him. My sister has had the impact on my life. my college essay free essay sample Why is post-secondary education important? Well it is important to me, because education is an investment to my future. My future income is going to come from my post-secondary education. There is a particular career I want to be in which is health care. Health care has always appealed to me in many different ways. Health care is always in demand, so I don’t have to constantly worry about having a job especially with how the world’s economy is changing. In health care most people make a sufficient amount of money which is something I need. I enjoy helping people and I’m a very caring person. So what better field to work in than health care? You help people when they are sick and make them all better. It’s not as easy as with my daughter where I only have to kiss her boo boo, put a band aid on her and give her a candy. We will write a custom essay sample on my college essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Post-secondary education will also lead to having a career and a steady income. Which it will come in handy especially since I’m a single teen mom and I want to be able to support my daughter. I don’t want to have to worry about if I’m going to be able to put food on the table. When I found out I was pregnant it was like reality smacking me across the face. I all of a sudden felt so many different emotions like being protective and wanting the best for my daughter. I also had this huge responsibility to have to support a small child for the rest of my life. Well, at least until she is 18 and decides to move out. She is my inspiration to why I really want to have a post-secondary education. There are many things that come with being a mom including my favorite mommy ears. I can be far away and hear everything. This is a pretty neat power don’t you think? I guess it comes with the package. Since I can hear everything when I’m in class I can hear the teacher well. I’m just waiting for the eyes in the back of my head to show up. I have many attributes that could be useful in my post-secondary education and my career choice. Like I’m responsible, outgoing, easy to get along with, caring, helpful, and considerate, I like to learn new things, and I always like a challenge. So, as you can see post-secondary education is good for everyone especially for someone in my position. Ever since my daughter walked into my life it changed everything. I never knew such a small thing could affect me in such a big way. She is my inspiration, all I have to do is take a look at her and it’s like a burst of energy of some sort that allows me and pushes me to do what I have to do, because I want her to have more than I had as well as a good life. I really think I would make a good nurse and a good addition to the health care unit as well as in your college.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Media Management Marketing Planning

Question: Discuss about the Media Management for Marketing Planning. Answer: Introduction In this assignment, I am going to elaborate the strategies which are required for the marketing planning for the company. I have chosen Callaway Golf Equipment as the client company, whose products need to be a market. I will provide the insight of integrated marketing Plan and how its useful for the advertisements of a product. Callaway Golf Inc. is a Golf equipment manufacturer multination company and it stands in 2nd number in all over the world in manufacturing and marketing of different Golf equipment. The company is exploring new markets to sell the products and its using the advertisement to reach new markets. Marketing Planning is providing a blueprint of the strategies which are required for the advertisements of the products. In other words, this process begins with an analysis of the situation from the marketing plan and it does not include other aspects of production and evaluation. ( Percy, 1997) IMC: The Integrated marketing Plan has these processes and this must be reflected in the advertising campaigns of the company. The Integrated Marketing plan or IMC includes different marketing strategies such as, Print Interactive Outdoor Strategic Planning Media Planning Brand Partnerships Result Tracking IMC is a strategy which is defined and used to create awareness among consumers through different kind of marketing tools. In IMC the advertiser company, which is Callaway Golf in this case of the assignment, has used Television, radio, and Social media marketing for the advertisement of the Products. This kind of strategic marketing is becoming more and more important because the media fragmentation in the advertisement is considered as a good measure to promote the products. Another benefit of the integrated marketing is its creative approach and implementation. The creative approach in the marketing is successfully implemented for the Callaway Golf to sell their Golf equipment and accessories. Media Planning Media planning is not just answering some media means but its the process or a series of decisions that could provide the best solution for the problems which are needed to be answered for the marketing of a product. The planners recommendation is to balance the tradeoff within an organization. Planner mainly considers different problems which could be arising and a set of solution and recommendation for the company to follow. These solutions and recommendations about the media selection and advertisement of the products I considered as Media planning. Changing Way of Media Planning: Many marketers believe that the traditional advertisement means such as television, radio and newspapers are an outdated sources of advertisement. Its a wrong concept, as the internet is considered as one of the best sources of advertisement and its accessible to a large population but its still not is a position to considered as a major source of advertisements. Apart from this, the Internet marketing is considered as costly as well, top rated television programs have an impact on the population of different companies. In todays perspective, the consumers are being more information seekers and they also search different products over the internet so the marketing planning should also consider this case as well. Planning an IMC campaigns is a step by step process, according to the Heibing and Cooper the IMC planning is a communication tool which should be done by a set methodology to short out the overlapping elements and correctly and collectively address all the issues. The first things which need to be addressed are the outlining the relevant marketing issues which could affect the marketing and communication about the product. Following different steps regarding the campaign, the last and final step is the evaluation of the campaign. (Duncan, 2002). I will follow two different planning processes which are Outside- In Planning Zero-based Planning approach The Planning will constitute Marketing background, Target audience, Communication strategy, Behavioral task grid and creative grid. Market Analysis Callaway Golf is creating a marketing strategy which is needed by the company to create brand awareness to the consumers. The company is mainly dealing with manufacturing of Drivers, iron, Golf ball, Golf equipment, and bags. The company has a Callaways financial result do not reflect any single direction, basically, its mixed. After the year of 2000, its revenue has been decreased by the 5.4%, whereas the in the case of total asset turnover, its also declined by 12 % (Financial Statement, 2001). In the year of 2002, its NIAT has increased by 19%, which had a negative growth of 27.9% in the year of 2002. According to the report, the Z-score of the company is still 5.4 and its in Safe Zone (Financial report, 2002). Callaway Golf mainly operates in the Sporting and Athletics segments and Manufacturing industry. Callaways is mainly involved in the manufacturing of the Drivers, irons, golf balls and in the accessories. The products which are included in the driver categories are fairway woods and hybrid sold under the Bden hogen and Top- Flite brand name. The company stood in the # 2 position in this segments and the number 1 is the TaylorMade, which is an Adidas Company. The other products in these categories are Iron and Wedges, in this segment the Callaway is the number one. The market share of the company in this segment is still in a good number beside that the share of the rival companies such as Nike and Adidas in increasing. In the case of Golf ball which is being sold by the Callaway brand name, Top-Flite. In this segment, the company is in #2 positions in the market. Also in the case of the accessories and the company is selling Golf bags and Gloves under the same brand name. The brand r eputations of the company help them to sell. The company market strategy is to create and make brand awareness among the public about the products in which they are engaged with. The main Market of the Callaway products is the regions where Golf is most famous and widely played by the masses. The focus should be on those countries, some of them are United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland and England. The main market of the company exists in these countries. The developing Countries such as China, India and Brazil is also a lucrative location to sell the products (MONROE, 2014). Now the company is targeting in the market where they can grow further, such as USA, CHINA, and EUROPE. In Australia, the companys presence is somewhat good but they can grow further in Europe and Asia. The marketing strategies will be focused on these areas. The other developing countries are being focused on the future market of the company. Objectives of IMC: Marketing Background: The marketing background includes the evaluating the present hurdles and challenges with the company and brand. This will examine and help the organization in finalizing the marketing process and plan. It would contain some questions which will help the planner to create the effective plan for the product they have chosen to market (Percy, 1997). Target Audience Objective: The IMC planning tries to look beyond the traditional Golf equipment purchases and it's also focusing on new age customers. This is done to achieve a more holistic view regarding the target audience. According to Percy (1997) to get a more holistic view regarding the target audience we need to look beyond the target audience and the IMC planning should also include the behavior patterns as well as the attitude patterns of the audience. We should also try to know the audience linkage to the contribution as well as the media. One more important thing which needs to be known is the decision grid of the consumer, why they are choosing and why they have chosen the product. Which things have motivated them to make the decision of the product? Percy also suggested a Grid which is known as decision grid contains different essential questions which could be used for the understanding the factor of decision. Role consumer Trade initiator Influencer Decider Purchaser User These are essential steps which are required prior planning the planning of the marketing media. These reviews and studies are required to know the present and future target customers; this will help the company to make the strategy easily and more effective. There are different Processes which will be used to determine and implement the planning. Communication Strategies Objective This objective mainly deals with the communication strategies which will be needed for the marketing communication. This is further divided into 5 groups, which are category needs Brand awareness Brand attitude Brand purchase Intensions Purchase facilitation Planning Process Zero-based Planning Process: As the marketing conditions are changing, so the IMC Planners should use Zero-based planning Process. (Duncan, 2002). This process is used to determine the objectives and strategies based on the current marketplace conditions. This process consists of 8 steps which are applicable to each of the consumers and B-B brand whether they are operating Multinational or domestically. The Steps are; Source: Duncan, 2002 Swot analysis of a company and brand provides the Strength, weakness, Opportunity and threat of a company. The SWOT analysis can help a company to address the weakness and leverage the strength of the company. Internal Situation: In the case of Callaway Company, the strength of the company is the brand name and Research and development. These two can be leveraged by the company so that they can explore and penetrate a new market and increase the revenue. These can be addressed so we can make a proper contribution to the marketing planning. The weakness of the company consists of the low Multinational presence and sort of products which they can offer. The weakness must be address while making the plan of media. External Situation: The opportunity ad threats are considered as the external factors, in the case of Callaway Golf the opportunity is the Growing Golf market in the Developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil as well as increasing market in USA and Europe as well as In Australia. The threat includes the increased competitions from Global brands such as Nike and Adidas. Strategies Callaway Golf needs to use different means of advertisement under the integrated marketing Campaign. Television, radio as well as the Social media marketing should be widely used by the company so that they can attract more customers. The must use the benefits of endorsements by the professional golfers; this is defined as a target based marketing strategy. Apart from this Callaway Golf need to be widely popular in different social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. In present time when most of the peoples are engaged with the different social media websites, creating awareness about the product by the Social media is a well-maintained strategy. Callaway has to use IMC in different measures to reach to the customers; Callaway is also focusing on hosting and sponsoring different Golf competitions in different companies so that they can present themselves as a one stop solution for the golf equipment. In present Callaway Golf is #2 in sales of Drivers and #1 in sales of Iron. The main competitor of the company is Taylor Made, Titlists, and Nike. These companies are also increasing their market segment and the innovation which lead them to take on the market and the challenge the Callaway. Revenues of the companies are mainly driven by the market share and the Global economy, declining Golf industry also adversely affect them in the short run (Gordon, 2013). Competitive Analysis Callaway Golf mainly operates in the Sporting and Athletics segments and Manufacturing industry. Callaways is mostly concerned in the manufacturing of the Drivers, irons, golf balls and in the accessories. The products which are incorporated in the driver categories are fairway woods and hybrid sold under the Bden hogen and Top- Flite brand name. The company stood in the # 2 position in this segments and the number 1 is the TaylorMade, which is an Adidas Company product. The other products in these categories are Iron and Wedges, in this segment the Callaway is the number one. The market share of the company in this segment is still in a good number beside that the share of the rival companies such as Nike and Adidas in increasing. In the case of Golf ball which is being sold by the Callaway brand name, Top-Flite. In this segment, the company is in #2 positions in the market. Also in the case of the accessories and the company is selling Golf bags and Gloves under the same brand name . The brand reputations of the company help them to sell. Proposed Marketing Strategies Marketing Strategies is one of the essential things in every company. The company must perform therefore to aim the consumers and raise the revenue. The companies have to set up strategies to cover border market, 1. Target oriented marketing 2. Marketing should be more focused on the populations which could be the future customer 3. Reflect the Superior Quality and pocket-friendly 4. Brand Endorsements by the Professionals. 5. Association of the Clubs and the Events which are related with the Golf. 6. Online Presence The company should spend and sponsor on humanitarian activities with the Brand name this will create a good image and people's will be attached to it emotionally. Another increasing aspect of the marketing is the online marketing or Digital marketing. Digital marketing is widely used by the company so that they can target large audiences and create traffic over the website. E-commerce is on the boom so that they can make it more fruitful by taking the traffic towards the website. Media for the Advertisement The market uses various alternative media to advertise their brand which helps to reach their brand to each and every customer. So the company Callaway also uses different alternative media to advertise their brand like: 1. Television: It helps to reach to a large number with a single exposure. As it is mass communication and it was seen by each and every customer. It is a network that helps to improve their targeting effort (Voorveld and van Noort, 2014). 2. Radio: This media is being used for over 80 years. As many countries use the geographical distinct radio station to broadcast simultaneously. As nowadays many people have a habit of listening music and news to the radio so it also helps to advertise the brand Top flight and their equipment which they sell like bags, golf driver, shoes, etc. (Lovejoy, Riffe and Cheng, 2012). 3. Printing Publication: The Company prints various magazines, books, newspaper to advertise and highlight their brand (Voorveld and van Noort, 2014). The magazine is more target audience than the media, as the magazine shows the product with every detail. 4. Internet: As the technology is moving very fast and everyone use the internet so it is the fastest media outlet for advertising any brand or product. So the company advertises their product on their website. And this media help to get the feedback of the customer directly through the website. And it helps the company improve their product. 5. Direct mail Advertising: It is also a type of medium to advertise the brand. Directly mailing to the customer about the brand in their email. So the company collects the email id from various social media like Facebook, twitter, etc (Lovejoy, Riffe and Cheng, 2012). 6. Product placement advertising: It is an advertising approach through the entrainment like movies, TV serials, and video games. 7. Sponsorship advertising: The Company also provides some sponsorship for advertising their brand Top flight. Implementation Process The company has to expand the current Market and they are also wanted to increase the revenue in this competitive market. This can be achieved by the applying a proper set of proposed marketing strategies which the Company has to follow. The Callaway Golf should make a creative and lucrative website which will be beneficial for them to reach new customers. The second thing which they should do is make a team which will be responsible for the marketing of the products and their advancements to the public. This will be helpful as this can create awareness among the consumers. This team will be responsible for the Digital marketing too; marketing through the Facebook and Twitter will help the company. The Social media marketing is one of the best options to create traffic on the website and attract customers. According to the Scott Gorayl, the global communication head of the Callaway Company, Social media is one of the biggest and easiest ways to market our products thats why the company has a good presence on different social media websites. (App, 2013) Evaluation and Control The company has to manage different things at once; this includes Manufacturing, marketing, advertisement, and Innovation. The Callaway Golf has a number of employees who are involved in different works and management. The management and administrative teams are responsible for the implementation of each process. The management Team must divide the work according to the team present and how they must help them in achieving the target. Availing all the resources which are needed to the process must be provided by the company management. The matrix which they have to follow is, Conclusion I have described the IMC and its objectives for the marketing and communication in an organization for a product. Media planning is an essential thing before going for marketing; this helps a company to find him most accurate and visible objectives of the products. I have described the Media Planning and its requirements. The marketing strategies and the evaluation and control of the Marketing campaign are also essential things to do. This helps the company to track the progress of the communication tool, either the company is choosing online marketing or the traditional strategies, evaluation and control help the company to set up an objective and be attached to it. Although, the Media Planning is an essential thing which needs to be address perfectly as per the companies target market and product portfolio. Reference: Doole,I Lowe, .R, (2008), International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development, and Implementation, Cengage Learning EMEA Liz Peek, 2006, Golf industry counts on boomers to drive sales App, .S, (2013), The Social Media Strategies Behind Callaway Golf: An Interview with Scott Goryl and Chad Coleman, from; https://www.sporttechie.com/2013/06/24/callaway-golf-interview-breaking-down-their-social-media-strategies/ Rangan, .K, (2006), Transforming Your Go-to-market Strategy: The Three Disciplines of Channel Management, Harvard Business Press Pearson Custom Business Resources: Principles of Marketing. Boston,( 2010), Pearson Learning Solutions Callaway Golf Company (ELY), from; https://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Callaway_Golf_Company_(ELY) Lovejoy, J., Riffe, D. and Cheng, H. (2012). Campaign Interest and Issue Knowledge: Did the Mediaand Negative Political AdvertisingMatter in Battleground Ohio?.Atlantic Journal of Communication, 20(4), pp.201-220. Snyder, W. (2011). Making the Case For Enhanced Advertising Ethics.Journal of Advertising Research, 51(3), pp.477-483. Voorveld, H. and van Noort, G. (2014). Social Media in Advertising Campaigns: Examining the Effects on Perceived Persuasive Intent, Campaign, and Brand Responses.Journal of Creative Communications, 9(3), pp.253-268. Waller, D. (2012).Developing your integrated marketing communication plan. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

The Issue Of Authority And Res Essay Example For Students

The Issue Of Authority And Res Essay The issue of authority and respect has been and will be an ongoing issue between youngsters and their elderly. In the story Red Dress by Alice Munro and the movie Rebel without a Cause by Nicholas Ray the issue of authority and respect comes up many times through the character actions. Authority and respect is directly linked to one another. It is very hard to obey supremacy if you have no respect for authority. In both the works we have studied, all the characters have trouble dealing with the issues of authority and respect for themselves and for others, they do not show respect to their parents and therefore does not look upon them as authority figures. We will write a custom essay on The Issue Of Authority And Res specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Alice Munros the Red Dress, the narrator and her best friend Lonnie have two totally different relationships with their respective guardians. The narrator, without the mention of her father, is in care of her mother, whom she thinks butts in too much into her business. She sort of resents her mother for being so too close and nosy about her private life. Her mothers stories, which at one point seemed interesting to her, is now become melodramatic, irrelevant, and tiresome. She knows that her mother only means well but sometimes she wishes she could be like Lonnie. Lonnie is in care of her father; her mother had passed away some time before. Her father never notices her and does not show his affection for her, she is pretty much on her own. The narrator considers her as a Blue-Baby and privileged. The narrator also sees her mother as shameless and obscene; she tries to direct her friends attention away from her mother as much as possible. In the story, we are told by the narrator t hat she was never comfortable for a minute in high school and was close to despair at all times. She hated being called upon to do anything in front of an audience, whether it is the class or just the teacher. She reveals that she hasnt accepted herself as who she is, always wishing to be like someone else, she hasnt learned to respect herself as a growing teenager which makes it hard for her to understand the relationship between her mother and herself. Since she lacks the proper understanding and respect for her mother and herself, the narrator has trouble seeing her mother as an authoritative figure, which makes her less tolerant to the other authoritative figures in her surroundings. In the case of Rebel without a Cause, the main characters want to respect their parents. They want to have normal relationships with them but cannot seize it. They go out to look for it elsewhere instead. Which makes the audience feel sympathizing towards them. They are identity-seeking teenagers al ienated from the world by their parents. Jim, Judy and John a.k.a. Plato is searching for understanding, companionship, and a sense of belonging. Jim is confused about his family as to who should be the man of the household. He sees his father as a chicken and he does not in anyway want to become like him. He wishes he could see his father as a man, someone he can respect and someone with authority. Judy has communication problems with her parents throughout the movie. She wishes for her father to show more affection for her. She seeks attention with her friends who are seen as trouble making teens. Plato has been deserted by his parents long ago and struggles to maintain any kind of relationship with anybody. His actions, the shooting of the puppies, the constant lying to establish any interest of his companions, show how emotionally-disturbed and desperate he is for any kind of relationship with anyone. He searches for connection, someone to become his family. Close to the end of the movie, Jim, Judy and Plato meet up in an abandoned mansion and pretend to be a family. They learn to respect and accept each other for who they are they dont pretend to be anyone else. They find comfort within themselves and in a way, becomes each others family. .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 , .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .postImageUrl , .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 , .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035:hover , .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035:visited , .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035:active { border:0!important; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035:active , .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035 .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3171b6e6c8d0e066d13a86a703af0035:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Study On Children With Abdominal Pain And Its Relationship To Mental I EssayAuthority and respect is indeed linked to each other. Before finding respect

Sunday, November 24, 2019

American Revolution - Early Campaigns of the American Revolution

American Revolution - Early Campaigns of the American Revolution Previous: Causes of Conflict | American Revolution 101 | Next: New York, Philadelphia, Saratoga Opening Shots: Lexington Concord Following several years of rising tensions and the occupation of Boston by British troops, the military governor of Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage, began efforts to secure the colonys military supplies to keep them from the Patriot militias. These actions received official sanction on April 14, 1775, when orders arrived from London commanding him to disarm the militias and to arrest key colonial leaders. Believing the militias to be hoarding supplies at Concord, Gage made plans for part of his force to march and occupy the town. On April 16, Gage sent a scouting party out of the city towards Concord which gathered intelligence, but also alerted the colonials to British intentions. Aware of Gages orders, many key colonial figures, such as John Hancock and Samuel Adams, left Boston to seek safety in the country. Two days later, Gage ordered Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith to prepare a 700-man force to sortie from the city. Aware of British interest in Concord, many of the supplies were quickly moved to other towns. Around 9:00-10:00 that night, Patriot leader Dr. Joseph Warren informed Paul Revere and William Dawes that the British would be embarking that night for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord. Departing the city by separate routes, Revere and Dawes made their famous ride west to warn that the British were approaching. In Lexington, Captain John Parker gathered the towns militia and had them form into ranks on the town green with orders not to fire unless fired upon. Around sunrise, the British vanguard, led by Major John Pitcairn, arrived in the village. Riding forward, Pitcairn demanded that Parkers men disperse and lay down their arms. Parker partially complied and ordered his men to go home, but to retain their muskets. As his men began to move, a shot rang out from an unknown source. This led to an exchange of fire which saw Pitcairns horse hit twice. Surging forward the British drove the militia from the green. When the smoke cleared, eight of the militia were dead and another ten wounded. One British soldier was injured in the exchange. Departing Lexington, the British pushed on towards Concord. Outside of the town, the Concord militia, unsure of what had transpired at Lexington, fell back and took up a position on a hill across the North Bridge. The British occupied the town and broke into detachments to search for the colonial munitions. As they began their work, the Concord militia, led by Colonel James Barrett, was reinforced as other towns militias arrived on the scene. A short time later fighting broke out near the North Bridge with the British being forced back into the town. Gathering his men, Smith began the return march to Boston. As the British column moved, it was attacked by colonial militia which took up concealed positions along the road. Though reinforced at Lexington, Smiths men continued to take punishing fire until they reached the safety of Charlestown. All told, Smiths men suffered 272 casualties. Rushing to Boston, the militia effectively placed the city under siege. As news of the fighting spread, they were joined by militia from neighboring colonies, ultimately forming an army of over 20,000. The Battle of Bunker Hill On the night of June 16/17, 1775, colonial forces moved onto the Charlestown Peninsula with the goal of securing high ground from which to bombard British forces in Boston. Led by Colonel William Prescott, they initially established a position atop Bunker Hill, before moving forward to Breeds Hill. Using plans drawn by Captain Richard Gridley, Prescotts men began constructing a redoubt and lines extending northeast towards the water. Around 4:00 AM, a sentry on HMS Lively spotted the colonials and the ship opened fire. It was later joined by other British ships in the harbor, but their fire had little effect. Alerted to the American presence, Gage began organizing men to take the hill and gave command of the assault force to Major General William Howe. Transporting his men across the Charles River, Howe ordered Brigadier General Robert Pigot to directly attack Prescotts position while a second force worked around the colonial left flank to attack from behind. Aware that the British were planning an attack, General Israel Putnam dispatched reinforcements to Prescotts aid. These took up a position along fence which extended to the water near Prescotts lines. Moving forward, Howes first attack was met my massed musket fire from the American troops. Falling back, the British reformed and attacked again with the same result. During this time, Howes reserve, near Charlestown, was taking sniper fire from the town. To eliminate this, the navy opened fire with heated shot and effectively burned Charlestown to the ground. Ordering his reserve forward, Howe launched a third attack with all of his forces. With the Americans nearly out of ammunition, this assault succeeded in carrying the works and forced the militia to retreat off the Charlestown Peninsula. Though a victory, the Battle of Bunker Hill cost the British 226 killed (including Major Pitcairn) and 828 wounded. The high cost of the battle caused British Major General Henry Clinton to remark, A few more such victories would have shortly put an end to British dominion in America. Previous: Causes of Conflict | American Revolution 101 | Next: New York, Philadelphia, Saratoga Previous: Causes of Conflict | American Revolution 101 | Next: New York, Philadelphia, Saratoga The Invasion of Canada On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. A month later on June 14, they formed the Continental Army and chose George Washington of Virginia as its commander-in-chief. Traveling to Boston, Washington took command of the army in July. Among Congress other goals was the capture of Canada. Efforts had been made the previous year to encourage French-Canadians to join the thirteen colonies in opposing British rule. These advances were rebuffed, and Congress authorized the formation of the Northern Department, under Major General Philip Schuyler, with orders to take Canada by force. Schuylers efforts were made easier by the actions of Colonel Ethan Allen of Vermont, who along with Colonel Benedict Arnold, captured Fort Ticonderoga on May 10, 1775. Located at the base of Lake Champlain, the fort provided an ideal springboard for attacking Canada. Organizing a small army, Schuyler fell ill and was forced to turn command over to Brigadier General Richard Montgomery. Moving up the lake, he captured Fort St. Jean on November 3, after a 45-day siege. Pressing on, Montgomery occupied Montreal ten days later when Canadian governor Major General Sir Guy Carleton withdrew to Quebec City without a fight. With Montreal secured, Montgomery departed for Quebec City on November 28 with 300 men. While Montgomerys army had been attacking through the Lake Champlain corridor, a second American force, under Arnold moved up the Kennebec River in Maine. Anticipating the march from Fort Western to Quebec City to take 20 days, Arnolds 1,100-man column encountered problems shortly after departing. Leaving September 25, his men endured starvation and disease before finally reaching Quebec on November 6, with around 600 men. Though he outnumbered the citys defenders, Arnold lacked artillery and could not penetrate its fortifications. On December 3, Montgomery arrived and the two American commanders joined forces. As the Americans planned their attack, Carleton reinforced the city raising the number of defenders to 1,800. Moving forward on the night of December 31, Montgomery and Arnold assaulted the city with the latter attacking from the west and the former from the north. In the resulting Battle of Quebec, American forces were repulsed with Montgomery killed in action. The surviving Americans retreated from the city and were placed under the command of Major General John Thomas. Arriving on May 1, 1776, Thomas found American forces weakened by disease and numbering fewer than a thousand. Seeing no other choice, he began retreating up the St. Lawrence River. On June 2, Thomas died of smallpox and command devolved to Brigadier General John Sullivan who had recently arrived with reinforcements. Attacking the British at Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8, Sullivan was defeated and forced to retreat to Montreal and then south towards Lake Champlain. Seizing the initiative, Carleton pursued the Americans with the goal of reclaiming the lake and invading the colonies from the north. These efforts were blocked on October 11, when a scratch-built American fleet, led by Arnold, won a strategic naval victory at the Battle of Valcour Island. Arnolds efforts prevented a northern British invasion in 1776. The Capture of Boston While Continental forces were suffering in Canada, Washington maintained the siege of Boston. With his men lacking supplies and ammunition, Washington turned down several plans for assaulting the city. In Boston, conditions for the British worsened as winter weather approached and American privateers hampered their re-supply by sea. Seeking advice to break the stalemate, Washington consulted artilleryman Colonel Henry Knox in November 1775. Knox proposed a plan for transporting the guns captured at Fort Ticonderoga to the siege lines at Boston. Approving his plan, Washington immediately dispatched Knox north. Loading the forts guns on boats and sledges, Knox moved 59 guns and mortars down Lake George and across Massachusetts. The 300-mile journey lasted 56 days from December 5, 1775 to January 24, 1776. Pressing through severe winter weather, Knox arrived at Boston with the tools to break the siege. On the night of March 4/5, Washingtons men moved onto Dorchester Heights with their newly acquired guns. From this position, the Americans commanded both the city and the harbor. The next day, Howe, who had taken command from Gage, decided to assault the heights. As his men prepared, a snow storm rolled in preventing the attack. During the delay, Howes aids, remembering Bunker Hill, convinced him to cancel the assault. Seeing that he had no choice, Howe contacted Washington on March 8 with the message that the city would not be burned if the British were allowed to leave unmolested. On March 17, the British departed Boston and sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Later in the day, American troops triumphantly entered the city. Washington and the army remained in the area until April 4, when they moved south to defend against an attack on New York. Previous: Causes of Conflict | American Revolution 101 | Next: New York, Philadelphia, Saratoga

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Holocaust - Essay Example On the other hand, there were organized rebellions and resistance, bolstered by internal support as well as a reaction to external reasons. One thing that may have hindered Jewish resistance during this time was that there was the problem that Jews who did fight back or escape often faced an ambivalent setting in other nations. After the early twentieth century, and arguably long before this as well, the climate in Europe was changing towards a status quo which was turbulent, to say the least, towards those of the Jewish faith: â€Å"at the end of World War I†¦ groups blamed the Jews for the social disruption, political instability, and economic crises that ensued† (Leventhal 2008) At this time, around 1934, the Nazis also began to persecute Jews. Laws were passed banning Jews from respected professions, and the boycotting of Jewish stores was encouraged. In the same sort of blurred reasoning that made the Nazis see the Reichstag building as an enemy, the Nazis considered Judaism to be an ethnic rather than a religious distinction. Therefore, even citizens who had converted to Christianity were considered to be Jewish if they had Jewish ancestry. This is at the very least ironic, since according to many sources, Hitler himself came from Jewish roots. During this period, the Nazis â€Å"encouraged boycotts of Jewish-owned shops and businesses and began book burnings of writings by Jews and by others not approved by the Reich† (Leventhal, 2008). This was a backdrop against which organized rebellion was very difficult. It was also hard for Jews to fight back against the Nazis because the Nazis were in charge of an enormous propaganda machine that influenced the German people. Propaganda was also important to the expansion of Nazi power. One instance of In Spigelman’s recent story about the Holocaust â€Å"Maus,† the narrator Artie confronts questions of why the Jews did not

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Reading response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Reading response papers - Essay Example e only wish to ascertain whether and to what extent religious forces have taken part in qualitative formation and the quantitative expansion of that spirit over the world. Furthermore, what concrete aspects of our capitalistic culture can be traced to them, In view of the tremendous confusion of interdependent influences between the material basis, the forms of social and political organization, and the ideas current in the time of the Reformation, we can only proceed by investigating whether and at what points certain correlations between forms of religious belief and practical ethics can be worked out. At the same time we shall as far as possible clarify the manner and the general direction in which, by virtue of those relationships, the religious movements have influenced the development of material culture. Only when this has been determined with reasonable accuracy can the attempt be made to estimate to what extent the historical development of modern culture can be attributed t o those religious forces and to what extent to others. In â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,† Max Weber examines the part played by Protestantism in the evolution of Capitalism. After reading his arguments, it is evident that there are definitely â€Å"certain correlations between forms of religious belief and practical ethics.† It is Protestantism, as opposed to Catholicism, which gives religious sanction to one’s calling, or occupation in life, and asserts that worldly activity is worthy in the eyes of God. Weber makes this point particularly clear in his discussion of the Calvinist Baxter’s works in Chapter V. Baxter holds that the activity of daily work is the best way to glorify the Lord. Idleness is condemned, while physical and mental activity is associated with divine grace. Baxter’s stand on specialization in a particular occupation, or division of labor, as a means of improving the quality and quantity of products, is definitely a precursor of

Monday, November 18, 2019

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Economics - Essay Example Politicians from the developed nations and even the governments of the developing world expected their economies to boom once the trade barriers were removed, the free flow of capital permitted and modern technology used to increase productivity. However, with the process of unchecked globalization, the problems associated with it at times have taken a greater cost than the benefit provided. Of course the positive or negative impact of globalization has not only been felt by the people in the developing nations but also by people living in America. For example, a company which is heavily outsourcing some of its production abilities may give higher profits to the owners as a positive benefit of globalization. On the other hand, if the same company announces layoffs for American workers, globalization has shown the negative side of itself to those workers who lost their jobs in the process. Another central point made in the film which I feel is very important is the interconnection and dependence of the world economy on everything running smoothly in international terms. For example, an economic crisis in one country can have regional repercussions as exemplified by the case of the economic situation that developed in Brazil. If the country is strong enough or is a significant partner in global trade for many other countries, an economic crisis can shake the whole world into action as in the case of Japan. Finally, I think the most sobering message carried by the film was the idea that globalization and the use of technology will not be the answer to all the problems which are faced by the human civilization. Although these are good tools to help those who need them, they can also serve as tools to deprive some of their rights and disenfranchise those who are unable to be a part of the modern technological revolution. These can only be useful when their application is backed with an understanding of the issues and a belief that

Friday, November 15, 2019

Death Penalty Argumentative Essay

Death Penalty Argumentative Essay The death penalty is the ultimate punishment. There is no harsher punishment than death itself. Currently fifty-eight nations practice the death penalty. Our nation, the United States of America, is one of the fifty-eight nations that practice the death penalty. Currently the United States will only use the death penalty, if one commits first-degree murder. Individuals that believe in the death penalty believe that capital punishment will deter murderers. In this paper, I will be arguing that the death penalty does not deter criminals and that the United States should outlaw the practice. Before I make my argument, I would like to provide some background information regarding the death penalty to the readers. The idea of capital punishment was brought over from Britain, when the founding fathers declared independence. Our ancestors loved the idea of the death penalty, since it was a common part of life. Europeans gave the death penalty for various crimes. The first recorded execution in America occurred in Jamestown, 1608. A man named George Kendall was executed for treason. In the earlier colonial days, laws regarding capital punishment varied area to area. During the nineteen century, the death penalty changed dramatically. Around this time the death penalty started to lose popularity. States no longer committed public executions. All executions were done in private. Pennsylvania was the first state to adopt this trend. Eventually some states abolished the death penalty all together. In current times, fourteen out of fifty states no longer carry out the death penalty. These states are Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhone Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. In addition, a series of cases regarding the death penalty went to the Supreme Court. Many tried to argue that the death penalty violated the eighth amendments and that capital punishment is cruel and unusual. In 1972, Furman v. Georgia successfully brought an temporary end to the death penalty for ten years. Eventually the death penalty was reinstated with the execution of Gary Gillmore on January 17, 1977. As of today, the United States still practices capital punishment. However there are limitations. For example, the government cannot execute the mentally handicap and is not supposed to execute juveniles. The United States currently has six ways to execute, lethal injection, electrocution, lethal gas, a firing squad and hanging. Methods will vary state by state. Although the United States still practices the death penalty, executions are declining, compare to the past, according to statistics. Those that are for the death penalty claims that the death penalty will serve as a deterrence and is the only way for retribution against murderers. Both issues are highly debatable and have been a subject of criticism. Punishment as a deterrence has been a goal for ages. This concept does work, but it should not be applied to all criminals, in my opinion. Pro capital punishment individuals claims that it is an efficient deterrence against criminals. In the article Death penalty is a deterrence, the authors claims that by practicing the death penalty, violent crimes will decrease. violent crime has declined 11 percent, with murder showing the largest decline at even more than 22 percent. We believe that this has occurred in part because of the strong signal that the death penalty sent to violent criminals and murderer.  [1]  These statistics taken from this article may be inaccurate and should be closely examined. There is a huge amount of conflicting evidence from similar studies done currently and in the past. Retribution has also been a goal for punishment. Logically if a killer is put to death then there would be no more killings. American society seems to favor retribution. An eye for an eye has been a law for ages. In a pro death penalty article, the author believes that, When someone takes a life, the balance of justice is disturbed. Unless that balance is restored, society succumbs to a rule of violence. Only the taking of the murderers life restores the balance and allows society to show convincingly that murder is an intolerable crime which will be punished in kind.  [2]  This ideology has many flaws, mainly with morality issues. For example, if the country is punishing one for killing, what gives the country the right to kill? Both articles fail to present any solid evidence that supports their thesis. Death penalty is a deterrence had statistical information, but fail to present how the information was obtained. Depending on the researchers information gathering methods, the statistical information could have been different. For example In an article in the Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, Dr. Jeffrey Fagan of Columbia University describes numerous serious errors in recent deterrence studies, including improper statistical analyses and missing data and variables that are necessary to give a full picture of the criminal justice system. Fagan writes, There is no reliable, scientifically sound evidence that [shows that executions] can exert a deterrent effectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These flaws and omissions in a body of scientific evidence render it unreliable as a basis for law or policy that generate life-and-death decisions.  [3]  There needs to be solid evidence in order to prove a theory. Those who clai m that the death penalty is an efficient deterrence fail to submit conclusive evidence, therefore as a critic, we should dismiss the claim that the death penalty works as deterrence. In addition, many studies seem to disprove the theory that the death penalty is a good deterrence against violent crimes and murders. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, states without the death penalty have had lower murder rates. In their seventeen-year old study, states without the death penalty showed a 40% decrease in murder rates. In regards to the article Death penalty is a deterrence, New York has now abolished the death penalty and their murder rate has gone down significantly compared to when the state was still practicing capital punishment. In fact, in the first year that New York abolished the death penalty they saw a four percent decrease in their murder rates. The reason why the death penalty does not serve as deterrence is that offenders do not believe they will be caught. Logically, no one would commit a murder, if one knew he/she was to be executed. Deterrence is a psychological process. Therefore, if an offender does not believe that a real risk is present, there will be no deterrence. The death penalty as retribution no longer makes sense in our current society. By executing an offender, our government, is sending subliminal messages regarding murder. The point of capital punishment is because the United States government wants to express that killing is an intolerable crime. By killing, an offender the government is contradicting itself. In addition, the death penalty can be seen as revenge. We are simply taking an eye for an eye. Two wrongs will not make a right. Killing a murderer will not bring back the murdered. In the 21th century our criminals laws should now reflect a higher standard that an eye for an eye. In current times, the death penalty can no longer be claimed as an efficient form of retribution. There are huge delays in carrying out the executions of an inmate. Statistics show that there is over an eight-year wait before an execution can take place. In fact, most death row inmates die of old age, before their execution sentence. Californias death row is a great example. Since 1976, only thirteen inmates have been executed. Currently there are around seven hundred inmates in Californias death row. If the trend continues, that would mean most of the inmates would die of natural causes before their execution sentence can be carried out. Those that claim the death penalty as retribution fail to take notice of the execution process in our criminal justice system. Legally an inmate is allowed to appeal his/her case. Appealing is needed in the American criminal justice system because the process is designed to protect against human errors. An average appeal can take over ten years. There are simply not enough judges to response to all case reviews. For example, the United States Supreme court receives thousands of case reviews annually, but because there are only nine judges in the Supreme Court, only a handful of cases are reviewed. For these reasons, the death penalty cannot be claim as an efficient form of retribution. Since the death penalty is no longer an affected punishment, I purposed that we abolish the practice in the United States. Throughout Americas history, many have tried to abolish the death penalty. Many were successful in temporary abolishing the death penalty, but most states reinstated the death penalty after judicial review. The most current issue regarding the abolishment of the death penalty was Baze v. Rees. Baze V. Rees, was an attack on the process of execution, specifically lethal injections. Baze argues that lethal injections is a form of cruel and unusual punishment and went against the constitution. That debate ultimately failed, since the judges ruled in favor of the death penalty. The trial court held extensive hearings and entered detailed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. It recognized that [t]here are no methods of legal execution that are satisfactory to those who oppose the death penalty on moral, religious, or societal grounds, but concluded that the proced ure complies with the constitutional requirements against cruel and unusual punishment.  [4]  Baze V. Rees was a good attempt in trying to abolish the death penalty, but ultimately was unsuccessful because they were attacking the process not the problem. In addition, Baze fail to show any solid evidence that lethal injections may cause pain. In order to abolish the death penalty in the United States successfully, one would need to make a case to the United States Supreme Court. One would need to submit a writ of either certiorari, mandamus, or prohibition. In addition, one can appeal against the death penalty. If the case were selected, then one would need to argue that the death penalty is no longer a form of justice. The key to winning this case, in my opinion, is to present solid and conclusive evidence. Show the nine justices, that the death penalty is a waste of resources and unconstitutional. Some may criticize that by abolishing the death penalty, crime rates will increase. Studies have already shown that the death penalty will not deter criminals. Currently there is no solid evidence that proves that the death penalty will deter criminals; however, there is evidence showing that states with no death penalty has a lower murder rate than states with the death penalty. In a recent examination, researchers concluded that the estimates claiming that the death penalty saves numerous lives are simply not credible. In fact, researchers stated that using the same data and proper methodology could lead to the exact opposite conclusion: that is, that the death penalty actually increases the number of murders  [5]  . Conclusive evidence such as the fact should dispel any criticism regarding the death penalty and murder rates. The death penalty should be abolish. Those that believe in the death penalty, failed to make their case. There is no conclusive evidence that supports their claims. There is evidence however that the death penalty is failing. Executing a death row inmate is no longer an easy task. There can be long delays in the execution process. Inmates are dying before their execution sentence can be carried out. For all the reasons stated above, the United States of America should abolish the death penalty. Work Cited Death Penalty Curriculum A just society requires the death penalty for the taking of a life: Agree, Michigan State University http://deathpenaltycurriculum.org/node/10 Death Penalty Information Center, Discussion of Recent Deterrence Studies, Berkeley Electronic Press http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/discussion-recent-deterrence-studies Death Penalty Information Center, Discussion of Recent Deterrence Studies, Ohio State Journal http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/discussion-recent-deterrence-studies George E. Pataki, Death penalty is a deterrent, USA Today http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/Articles/Pataki.htm Unknown Author, RALPH BAZE AND THOMAS C. BOWLING, Petitionersv.JOHN D. REES, COMMISSIONER, KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ET AL. United States Supreme Court. 2008, 1

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Comparing James Dickeys Deliverance and Fog envelops the Animals :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing James Dickey's Deliverance and "Fog envelops the Animals" Deliverance and "Fog envelops the Animals" by James Dickey are closely associated to each other in their themes. In pages 93-99 of Deliverance, Ed is in the midst of a heavy fog and decides to go hunting. At first one can easily point out that Ed is not really into the whole idea of hunting, as we might say Lewis is, yet, in a matter of moments, hunting becomes very serious to him. He has trouble walking through this fog, which is blinding him from anything within arm's reach. Still, he is able to perceive a small deer, feel its presence, and make out its figure. Since Ed now has a newfound asset to himself --invisibility by fog-- he feels more secure of himself and feels that he can kill if the chance arises. He concentrates on getting as close as possible without being noticed. Ed then decides he is ready as he will ever be. Yet, the moment he shoots his arrow he feels that he jerks upward. He immediately realizes that he is going to miss. Indeed, he does miss the shot, yet he wastes another arrow, knowing the second shot is pointless for the deer is now running. "Fog Envelops the Animals" is similar to this particular scene in Deliverance. The fog is the center of focus in both of these passages, the deciding variable that will either protect and envelop the animal from its predator, or expose it, and leave it open to the hunter. If there were no fog, it is likely that Ed would have successfully shot the deer. One can argue that Ed missing the shot is a result of his lack of seriousness towards hunting or the fact that he isn't well prepared or experienced in this field, but then the idea of including the fog would have no importance. In this case the fog becomes the only means of salvation of Ed's manly pride, of proving that he could also be a hunter as Lewis is. The fog also happens to be a means of protection by chance. It is luck that Ed wakes up and there is fog that urges him to hunt. "Fog Envelops the Animals" explores the same idea that fog hides. Fog envelops the animals. Not one can be seen, and they live.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Inquiring Minds Want to Know 1 & 2 Essay

First and foremost for any case study, the reader must first understand what they are researching and why. Penton Media, a publisher of business trade magazines such as Industry Week, Machine Design, and Restaurant Hospitality, was the subject of this particular case study. Upon reading the case study on Penton Media, the reader learns that Penton Media has made great progress in the growth of their company through a six year period, 1992-1998, based on the research results provided. Ken Long, Penton Media’s Director, stated in 1998 that there was a growing belief that Penton Media was generating fewer services than in the past. In 1992, Penton Media was reaching out to their readers by having them request product information through mail, which back then, that form of communication was acceptable. However, as time elapsed, technology and communication advanced. By 1998, Penton Media was providing information requests through e-mail and websites. In this case study, the research results provided two different years, 1992 and 1997. The years that elapsed from 1992 to 1997 proved that there was a growth in response and response selections to the advertisements Penton Media provided, in the business magazines they publicized for. From reading the case study the reader can build the management-research question hierarchy. The first thing to identify is the management dilemma, which in this case is: Will Penton Media experience lower advertising revenues, if alternate methods of inquiry stimulation are sought, since companies do not track the source of their leads? Secondly, defining the management question, which is: Are there publications or magazines that are generating fewer leads now as opposed to the past years? Next, the reader must ask the research question(s), which is: Should Penton Media continue to include reader service cards in the magazines they advertise for, for readers to request additional information on companies, which in turn enhances advertisement and business for the companies listed? If not, what are the alternative advertising methods that are more technologically advanced that could be applied to boost advertising revenues? Upon defining the research question(s), the investigative que stions need to be identified throughout the case study. For this case, the investigative questions are: What are the percentages of readers/subscribers using the reader service cards currently in comparison to the years past? If there is a decline  detected in the usage of reader cards, what are the alternative methods that they are using to contact businesses and companies? Is there any way to implement different strategic means of these methods to enhance advertising revenue? After identifying the investigative questions, the management questions are the next step on the management-research question hierarchy. The management questions for this case include: Will Penton Media experience a decline in revenue due to the alternate methods of advanced advertising technology of customer inquiry stimulation? Penton Media will need to make a management decision is the last step for the hierarchy. In this case, Penton Media will need to decide whether to terminate the use of reader service cards in the magazines they advertise and replace the advertisements with alternate methods of advanced technology advertising. If they do decide to implement a more strategic technologically advanced method of advertisement, the readers and subscribers will be able to directly contact businesses and companies they are interested in on a present and current time schedule. After reading this case study, there are some ethical issues that are relevant to it. The most vital ethical issue that is presented in this case is the right to privacy, or confidentiality. Upon reading the case and the forms that are included to be sent to the readers and subscribers questioned and polled, it is read within the cover letter for the survey that â€Å"All individual responses will remain completely confidential, with answers combined and presented in statistical form only.† At the end of the cover letter Penton Media asks the selected person for the survey to correct or make any necessary changes to their mailing address, to ensure they would be in the random drawing for the handheld color television. Having that information in the survey is proof that Penton Media is aware of who is responding to which questions, regardless of privacy and confidentiality. Based upon the results they received, out of 710 participants, Penton Media only analyzed 676 surveys. Penton claims the reasoning behind only analyzing 676 surveys was due to the fact that those participants were purchase decision makers for their organization. From there, Penton Media stated that the standard deviation of the survey results they received was four, with a ninety-five percent level of confidence. Out of the 676 surveys analyzed, Penton Media did an in depth follow-up with only forty  participants. Given the information of how Penton Media conducted the entire survey process, it is possible there was more room for error than Penton anticipated. Penton Media’s research team runs the risk of their data results and information being inaccurate since all of the participants that responded didn’t have their answers considered for the research. References Cooper, D., Schindler, P. (2001). Business Research Methods: Cases: Inquiring Minds Want to Know – – Now!.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Whats an Excellent SAT Score

What's an Excellent SAT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT score is one of the most important parts of your college applicationsbecause it’s one of the only things that’s standardized. When all student applicants are taking the same exam, admissions officers can use it as a barometer to compare students that come from different backgrounds, educations, strengths, weaknesses, and intellectual abilities. If all students take the same exam, and all admissions officers look at those exam scores in the same way, then it should be easy to figure out what an excellent SAT score is, right? Not necessarily. Like most things, an excellent SAT score is all relative. In this post, I’ll talk about different types of â€Å"excellent† scores in relation to the entire US, your general peer group, your prospective colleges, and (maybe most importantly) yourself. A Note Before We Get Started: Percentiles When we discuss exam scores when compared to other groups - groups as big as the US student population or as small as your high school English class - we use percentiles. Percentiles are different from percentages. A percent scoretells you what portion of the exam you got correct, whereas a percentile score tells you how you did on the exam compared to everyone else who took it.For example, a percent score of 80% on an exam means that you got 80% of the questions correct. An 80th percentile score would mean that you scored better than 80% of the students who took thesame test. Percentile scores are more meaningful than percentages when we talk about SAT scores, because what’s important is how you score when compared to other students.To give another example, let's say you take a very difficult exam in a large lecture course and only score a 50%. You might be disappointed because you'd assume you scored poorly. If you learned that everyone else in the class scored lower than 50% on their exam, you'd know that you scored in the 99th percentile - that changes your perception of your performance, right? Same thing goes for SAT scores. Excellent SAT Scores for the General US Population Talk about a big comparison group. If you’re new to the SAT and are unsure what SAT scores actually mean, comparing your scores to those of the general population isthe best place to start. The SAT score range isn’t necessarily intuitive, like an exam scored out of 100 points. Seeing how you â€Å"rank† relative to all students is the best way to start understanding your own performance. As you probably know, the SAT is scored out of a total of 1600 points.The average composite SAT score is about 1000 points - around the 50th percentile. An "excellent" score relative to the general population will ultimately depend on your own definition of excellence. For the sake of this post, we'll say that an excellent score sits at about the 75th percentile. This means that if you score at or above the 75th percentile, your score is higher than at least 3/4 of all test-takers. So how do these (and other) percentiles translate into SAT scores? 25th percentile about 840 composite score 50th percentile about 1000 composite score 75th percentile about 1200composite score You can get more detailed information on SAT scores and percentiles here. Given this information, where do you think you would set your "excellence" cutoff? Excellent SAT Scores for Your Peer Group What matters when you apply to colleges isn’t necessarily how your performance compares to that of the rest of the high school students in the nation. What matters is how you compare to kids who are similar to you - similar in terms of background, geographical area, high school type, grades, extracurriculars. You’ll have to stand out against your peers, not necessarily against a student who lives across the country from you with different interests, passions, and activities. In order to determine what SAT scores are considered "excellent" amongyour peers, you need to have a good general idea of what your peers' scores are. SAT scores can be a sensitive topic, so here are some tips for getting information on this: 1. Get average SAT scores for your high school.Some schools have a report available where you can see aggregated SAT scores from past students. If you're not sure about how to access this information, check in with a guidance counselor. They may have their own thoughts about what they consider excellent SAT scores for your school. 2. Get average SAT scores from your classmates. If you want to narrow down your comparative peer group even more, you could consider the average scores of other students in your classes. SAT scores from peers in honors classes should give you an even better idea of excellent peer scores. If you feel comfortable asking around, make an effort to do that - just make sure not to pressure anyone into sharing scores. Excellent SAT Scores for College So now that you have a good idea of how you compare to your peers, you can start figuring out your best target schools based on SAT scores. Now, SAT scores are important for getting you into college, but people don’t tend to care about them once you get in. Your SAT scores don’t have to be at the top of the range (e.g. at the 75th percentile) for the schools you’re interested in attending - that would mean 75% of attending students were accepted with lower scores. Ultimately, they just have to be good enough to get your application considered. (Exception:if you anticipate that your application will be weak in other areas, higher SAT scores than other applicants will help your admissions case.) The best way to figure out what SAT score is likely to get you into a particular school is to look up the school's "middle 50" SAT scores. The middle 50 is the range of student scores between the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile - so if you ranked all the students in a college's class by SAT scores, this would be the score range for the 50% of students standing right in the middle. You can find detailed instructions on figuring out a school's optimal SAT score range. If your SAT is in the top 25% of scores for schools that you're considering (and your application is otherwise strong),you may want to consider applying to more competitive schools. By more competitive, I mean schools with higher average SAT scores and lower admissions rates.There are many benefits to attending a better-ranked school: it's likely to be more intellectually challengingand to have a stronger student body due to a more selective admissions process. A more prestigious school also sends a better "signal" to graduate programs and future employers, potentially leading to better income and career outcomes. If you'd like more information about optimal application strategies, check out our guides on reach and safety schools. Excellent SAT Scores for Yourself Time for some realistic self-evaluation. So you've considered what "excellent" SAT scores are relative to the country, your peers, and your target schools. Although these are all helpful comparison groups, there's one very important factor we have yet to take into consideration: your own abilities, strengths, and weaknesses. Excellent scores by more objective standards may come easier to some students than others. Setting unrealistic goals for yourself based on these standards will be frustrating and unhelpful; setting "easy" goals for yourself based on these standards will mean that you sell yourself short. In order to come out of this process with both strong scores and your sanity intact, it's important to consider your own abilities when determining what SAT scores are "excellent." So how do you figure out what an excellent SAT score means for you? 1. Get a baseline score. Study for 10 hours in order to gain basic familiarity with the test and its content before taking a practice test. This will give you a baseline score to work from. Students can often improve 160+ points from baseline with additional test preparation. 2. Reach your own score maximum. Students usually reach a max limit after 40-80 hours of effective, focused studying. Getting that much prep in will mean you are dedicating yourself to excellence by your own standards. How Do You Prepare to Earn Excellent SAT Scores? You might have a roughrange in mind for those excellent scores you're hoping to earn. If not, you'll hopefully get a good baseline score to work from based on the guidelines above. Once you're ready to start working up towards that range, follow the guidelines here for an effective SAT preparation plan: 1. Set a timeline. If you're going to prepare for the SAT, you'll need a reasonable study plan based on how much time you have before the exam. Get instructions on how to do this here. 2. Set a goal score.You won't have anything to work towards if you don't set a challenging, but realistic, goal score for yourself. Start by looking up the "middle 50" SAT score ranges for target schools. You can get up-to-date information on these scores by Googling"[school name] PrepScholar admissions requirements." 3. Stick to a study plan. You can work from a study planspecifically for sophomores, juniors, or seniors, or you can come up withyour own. Try scheduling study sessions in your calendar ahead of time, or letting your parents in on your plan so they can hold you accountable. The better you stick to your plan, the more effective your studying will be. What's Next? Motivated to start bringing up those SAT scores? Here areguides to setting your timeline, SAT reading, SAT writing, and SAT math. If you are running out of time to improve your scores, not to worry - we have last-minute strategy guides as well! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Gearing relates to the levels of funding provided Essays

Gearing relates to the levels of funding provided Essays Gearing relates to the levels of funding provided Essay Gearing relates to the levels of funding provided Essay Introduction Ross’ statement is true in certain instances. This essay will sketch the scenarios where Ross’ statement is true and besides the cases where it is inaccurate. This will include a consideration of five issues which need to be taken into history when an investor is doing an investing determination and the concern place from a pitching position. These are the current geartrain place, the type of debt that is being taken on by the company in the inquiry, the ground or intent of the debt, the company’s affordability and any particular commissariats sought by loaners. Before this analysis is undertaken, a definition of Gearing is provided along with two pitching ratios used to measure the purchase of a concern. : What is Gearing? Gearing relates to the degrees of support provided by stockholders and loan creditors ( McLaney, 2006 ) . It is a comparing of stockholders financess or equity on the one manus and borrowed financess on the other. Gearing is the grade of a company’s purchase and in general footings, the higher the purchase, the riskier the company, from the position of investors. The debt-to-equity ( one pitching ratio ) is expressed as: Borrowings ( long and short term ) divided by entire equity ( portions plus militias ) High geartrain makes a concern more susceptible to inauspicious effects of a downswing in the economic concern rhythm as the company will be expected to refund its debt, irrespective of whether the concern is making good or otherwise. These debts must be satisfied before stockholders can deduce benefit from their investing. Another geartrain ratio, Times Interest covered, establishes how many times involvement charged on loans could be repaid from the company’s net income, before involvements and revenue enhancements are deducted. This is expressed as net income before involvement and revenue enhancement divided by involvement charges. It is efficaciously mensurating the business’ ability to run into its involvement payments as they fall due from its net incomes. Ross’ statement is true in certain cases but non all. The undermentioned considerations need to be taken into history when an investor is finding whether increased geartrain should give rise to optimism or be a cause of pessimism in relation to portion monetary values: Current geartrain place Type of debt being taken on Purpose of the debt Affordability Particular commissariats Current Gearing Position A scenario, in which a company has no debt, efficaciously means zero geartrain. In state of affairss where the debt-to-equity ratio is zero or small, the concern might be neglecting to work growing chances. In these instances, it makes sense for the company to increase its degree of borrowing for the intent of puting into the concern with a position of doing net income. Increased net incomes should accordingly, consequence in increased portion monetary value, which the concern could plow back into undertakings for yet more growing or pay as increased dividend. Therefore, if the concern is increasing pitching for this intent, i.e. to work growing chances, so Ross’ statement rings true. Growth chances could run from new merchandise development, new market development or variegation. Timess involvement covered will besides increase seting the concern in a healthier place to refund its involvement charges. On the other manus, if geartrain is excessively high ( i.e. debt-to-equity ratio ) , so this means the company has a considerable sum of debt. This stifles growing, as any net incomes will hold to let for high involvement refund. Furthermore, possible investors will be wary of puting in a company with high purchase, hence, restricting chances for growing. In the unwanted event that a extremely leveraged company becomes insolvent, ordinary stockholders risk having nil as they are bottom of the precedence order for distribution of company assets. In a scenario such as this, even though direction may be unfeignedly signalling their optimism, the fact remains that the concern has become riskier. This will impact portion monetary value but non as Ross suggests. It is more likely that the portion monetary value will diminish, as the debt-to-equity ratio additions and the times involvement covered falls. The inquiry of what is acceptable pitching depends on the industry norm for several companies in concurrence with a twelvemonth on twelvemonth comparing of single company consequences. Type of Debt There are by and large two ways by which a company may borrow money, viz. : Fixed income securities – these are purchased by investors ( the populace ) and by and large have longer adulthood day of the months and are for larger sums of money than bank loans. Examples include bonds Loans – offered by private establishments like Bankss, refund periods could change from a few yearss to a figure of old ages If the company was taking on long-run fixed income securities with comparatively low involvement rates, the company would hold sufficient clip to work the chances presented by this investing resource and turn the concern thereby increasing profitableness and portion monetary value. If the company was borrowing big short-run loans ( current liabilities ) , this could set force per unit area on the company to do its refunds when they fall due, and will necessitate to be done out of net incomes thereby adversely impacting portion monetary value. An interesting point to observe is that the benefit of the loan may non hold been realised by the clip refund falls due. Whether it is of all time realised is another affair! Therefore, even though the managers’ determination to increase geartrain may signal their optimism, it does non needfully take to increased portion monetary value. Investors need to find whether the repayment period and involvement charged on the loan is suited for the intent the loan is being taken out for in the first topographic point. For illustration, a company borrowing to finance a undertaking that completes in 5 old ages, with the benefits to be realised in 2 old ages later but taking a loan out for refund within 2 old ages does non demo sound direction determination devising. Investors may remain off and cautious bing 1s may sell up thereby driving portion monetary value downwards. Purpose of Debt If the intent of the debt is to re-invest resources into the concern to work growing chances, this decidedly indicates that the company’s direction are confident of increasing their profitableness. As aforesaid, this optimism should take to increased portion monetary value, provided geartrain is increased to an acceptable degree and investor assurance – both bing and possible – is enhanced. However, if the debt is to refinance old debt which the company in inquiry is fighting to honor, so Ross’ statement is wholly false. Management at this phase is non occupied with turning the concern but bracing it. Investors will maneuver good clear of companies in this quandary and bing investors will be forcing difficult to sell their portions, before the business’ place and chances worsens even farther. As debt-to-equity ratio additions in this instance, the company is preoccupied with cut downing Timess involvement covered. It is likely that a company in this place is doing losingss and is seting in topographic point remedial steps that should hopefully forestall insolvency. The company that invariably refinances its debt may be making so as their disbursals are systematically transcending grosss, which is a bend off for investors. It could be argued in this instance that the direction is signalling optimism from a bad place. However, this will non take to increased portion monetary value. Affordability This is particularly of import if undertakings fail. Borrowing to finance undertakings could bespeak direction optimism. However, if the undertaking proves unsuccessful, this could adversely impact the company’s returns and accordingly portion monetary value. Therefore, the company’s hard currency flow needs to uncover that it could absorb such losingss if they occurred, for Ross’s statement to hold a opportunity of keeping true. Particular Commissariats If particular commissariats exist, that may set the concern in a hazardous place by taking on the debt, so investors may non be confident about the company’s chances and finally portion monetary value, despite the fact that direction are focused on utilizing these borrowed financess to turn the concern. An illustration of a particular proviso is Bankss necessitating that a stipulated degree of capital is set aside. Another illustration is a bank bespeaking that minimal fiscal ratios are maintain, e.g. current ratio of 1.5:1. A status of the loan could be that if the current ratio falls below this degree, an immediate demand for refund is made by the loaning bank. This could do a negative splash among stockholders ensuing in a possible bead in portion monetary value. Decision Gearing provides an apprehension of the purchase of a concern – i.e. the ratio of loans taken out to the sum of equity provided by investors. The higher the geartrain, the riskier the concern in general footings. Ross’ statement is true in instances where the company has little or no purchase and direction are borrowing to work growing chances ; the type of debt being taken on is commensurate for the intent for which it was taken ; the intent of the debt is to finance growing chances alternatively of bracing a unstable fiscal place ; the company could absorb losingss related to the undertaking for which financess where borrowed ; and companies are non under menace of particular commissariats should these non be met. Otherwise, Ross’ statement is inaccurate. Mentions AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Publications Arnold, G 2002, Corporate Financial Management’ , Pitman Brealey, R 2006, Corporate Finance’ , McGraw-Hill McLaney, E 2006, Business Finance, Theory and Practice’ , 7Thursdayedition, Pearson Education Limited Mullins, 2005, Management and Organisational Behaviour’ , 7th Edition, Pitman Organisations and Individuals’ , 2005, Institute of Financial Services Pugh A ; Hickson, 1996, Writers on Organisations’ , 5Thursdayedition, Penguin Watson, D A ; Head A 2001, Corporate Finance’ , Pitman Internet Beginnings www.bized.ac.uk www.bp.com www.investopedia.com